Table 5.
– Association between S. mansoni infections, water and sanitation variables
| Variables | S. mansoni | OR (95% CI) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive | Negative | |||
| Source of water in the household | ||||
| Unprotected dug well/Surface water | 180(23.5) | 585(76.5) | REF | |
| Piped | 6(12.5) | 42(87.5) | 0.464(0.194–1.110) | 0.078 |
| Borehole | 7(14.3) | 42(85.7) | 0.542(0.239–1.227) | 0.136 |
| Protected dug well | 3(50.0) | 3(50.0) | 3.250(0.650–16.243) | 0.149 |
| Rainwater collection | 10(31.3) | 22(68.8) | 1.477(0.687–3.178) | 0.315 |
| Other | 3(60.0) | 2(40.0) | 4.875(0.808–29.403) | 0.056 |
| Total | 209 | 696 | ||
| Time taken to fetch water from the source | ||||
| More than 30 min | 16(26.2) | 45(73.8) | REF | |
| On premises | 64(22.4) | 222(77.6) | 1.112(0.463–2.672) | 0.812 |
| Less than 30 min | 129(23.1) | 429(76.9) | 1.160(0.494–2.725) | 0.733 |
| Total | 209 | 696 | ||
| Satisfied with the water supply (source) | ||||
| Not satisfied | 136(26.7) | 374(73.3) | REF | |
| Satisfied | 73(18.5) | 322 (81.5) | 0.623 (0.452–0.859) | 0.004 |
| Total | 209 | 696 | ||
| Drinking water classification | ||||
| Un improved | 182(23.7) | 585(76.3) | REF | |
| Improved | 27(19.6) | 111(80.4) | 0.782(0.497–1.229) | 0.285 |
| Total | 209 | 696 | ||
| Toilet/Sanitation facility type | ||||
| No facility | 1(7.1) | 13(92.9) | REF | |
| VIP/simple pit latrine with floor/slab | 148(21.8) | 530(78.2) | 1.755(0.210–14.693) | 0.507 |
| Pit latrine without floor/slab | 46(23.2) | 152(76.8) | 1.852(0.217–15.786) | 0.999 |
| Other | 14(93.3) | 1(6.7) | 2.400(0.264–21.787) | 0.661 |
| Total | 209 | 696 | ||
| Toilet shared with other households | ||||
| Not shared | 154(22.2) | 540(77.8) | REF | |
| Shared | 54(27.4) | 143(72.6) | 1.149(0.791–1.668) | 0.466 |
| Total | 208 | 683 | ||
| Toilet in use | ||||
| No | 6(66.7) | 3(33.3) | REF | |
| Yes | 202 (22.9) | 680(77.1) | 0.400(0.089–1.802) | 0.207 |
| Total | 208 | 683 | ||
| Presence of faeces on the floor | ||||
| No | 163(23.2) | 541(76.8) | REF | |
| Yes | 45(24.1) | 142(75.9) | 1.069(0.730–1.564) | 0.732 |
| Total | 208 | 683 | ||
| Household has child(ren) under 3 years | ||||
| No | 161(22.4) | 558(77.6) | REF | |
| Yes | 48(25.4) | 138(74.6) | 1.195(0.820–1.742) | 0.353 |
| Total | 209 | 696 | ||
| Disposal of faeces for children < 3 years | ||||
| Put/rinsed into toilet or latrine | 42(25.0) | 124(75.0) | REF | |
| Child used toilet/latrine | 3(33.3) | 6(66.7) | 1.500(0.359–6.270) | 0.695 |
| Other | 3(27.3) | 8(72.7) | 1.125(0.285–4.441) | 0.999 |
| Total | 48 | 138 | ||
| Sanitation facility type | ||||
| Un-improved | 61(26.9) | 166(73.1) | REF | |
| Improved | 148(21.8) | 530(78.2) | 1.018(0.705–1.469) | 0.926 |
| Total | 209 | 696 | ||
N = 905 + Disposal of faeces for children < 3 years, n = 185