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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jan 15.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2018 Dec 8;139:51–70. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.12.006

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

A representative solid-in-oil nanoformulation for insulin transdermal delivery. A) Scheme of the preparation of gold nanorod-insulin complexes/oil formulation (SO-INS-GNR) (SO: solid-in-oil; INS: insulin; PEG-GNR: mPEG coated gold nanorod; FITC: fluorescein isothiocyanate; WO: water in oil). B) Fluorescent images showing transdermal delivery of FITC-labeled insulin after the treatment of various insulin formulations, with or without near infrared (NIR) light irradiation: insulin in water (W-INS) treatment (i), SO-INS treatment alone (ii), SO-INS treatment with NIR irradiation (iii), SO-INS-GNR treatment alone (iv), and SO-INS-GNR treatment with NIR irradiation (v). C) Blood glucose levels of diabetic mice after administration of SO-INS and SO-INS-GNR with and without NIR light irradiation, and subcutaneous injection (SCI) of insulin (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01). Adapted with permission from Ref [50].