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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jan 15.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2018 Dec 8;139:51–70. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.12.006

Fig. 8.

Fig. 8.

Transdermal delivery of insulin using a fully insertable MN system. A) Schematic of MNs composed of poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) MNs and PVA/PVP supporting structures. B) In vitro release profile of insulin from MNs (n = 5). C) Fluorescence images of skin puncture sites. D) Plasma insulin concentrations (left) and plasma glucose levels (right) of diabetic rats treated with unloaded (control) and insulin-loaded MNs and subcutaneous injection of insulin (insulin SC) (n = 4). Adapted with permission from Ref [212].