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. 2019 May 22;2019:3095383. doi: 10.1155/2019/3095383

Table 1.

Senescence markers associated with placental ageing in adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Maternal plasma/serum (1) Mitochondrial dysfunction
(2) Inflammatory marker (IL33/ST2 signalling pathway)
↑ mtDNA copy numbers
↑ sST2 level

Trophoblastic cell lines (1) Cell cycle regulators
(2) miRNA/lncRNA
(3) DNA damage response
(4) Senescence regulators
(5) Epigenetic changes
↑ Cyclin D1
↑ Mir-376
↑ PARP1
↑ p53
↓ JunB
↓ MDM2
↑Hypomethylation of cytosine

Placenta (1) DNA damage response
(2) Cell cycle regulators
(3) Mitochondrial dysfunction
↑ p53
↓ hTERT
↑ Telomere aggregates
↑ BAX
↑Lipid peroxidation
↑ NOS activity
↑ Peroxynitrite synthesis
↑ Phosphorylated DERP1 gene