Table 1.
Maternal plasma/serum | (1) Mitochondrial dysfunction (2) Inflammatory marker (IL33/ST2 signalling pathway) |
↑ mtDNA copy numbers ↑ sST2 level |
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Trophoblastic cell lines | (1) Cell cycle regulators (2) miRNA/lncRNA (3) DNA damage response (4) Senescence regulators (5) Epigenetic changes |
↑ Cyclin D1 ↑ Mir-376 ↑ PARP1 ↑ p53 ↓ JunB ↓ MDM2 ↑Hypomethylation of cytosine |
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Placenta | (1) DNA damage response (2) Cell cycle regulators (3) Mitochondrial dysfunction |
↑ p53 ↓ hTERT ↑ Telomere aggregates ↑ BAX ↑Lipid peroxidation ↑ NOS activity ↑ Peroxynitrite synthesis ↑ Phosphorylated DERP1 gene |