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TNFα, IL-1β, and iNOS mRNA of cultured cortical astrocytes elevated by combined application of TNFα, IL-1α, and C1q. Application of galanin did not change A1 phenotype. The relative transcriptional levels of TNFα, IL-1β, and iNOS genes were detected with qPCR. Data were presented as median (interquartile range). #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01 vs. the control group.
