Table 1. Summary of sample and task characteristics, VO₂ estimation methods and results of the studies included in the analysis.

Study	Sample size	Age range	Sex	Groups and sport type	PVT paradigm peculiarities	VO2 estimation methods	Results (RT)
Study 1 Luque-Casado et al. (2013)	N = 26	17–29	M	SP = 13 S = 13	Duration: 10 min Stimuli: RC	A	SP < S
Study 2 Ballester et al. (2015)	N = 75	13–14	M & F	EP = 39 (15 females) S = 36 (18 females)	Duration: 9 min Stimuli: GP	B	EP < S
Study 3 Luque-Casado & Sanabria (unpublished data, 2014)	N = 41	40–50	M	SP = 22 S = 19	Duration: 12 min Stimuli: GP	C	SP = S
Study 4 Luque-Casado et al. (2016b)	N = 50	18–32	M	SP = 25 S = 25	Duration: 60 min Stimuli: RC	C	SP < S (*)
Study 5 Ciria et al. (2017)	N = 43	18–23	M & F	SP = 21 (10 females) S = 22 (11 females)	Duration: 5 min Stimuli: RC	C	SP < S
Study 6 Ballester et al. (2017)	N = 60	10–11	M & F	EP = 20 (eight females) SP = 20 (12 females) S = 20 (10 (females)	Duration: 9 min Stimuli: GP	B	EP < S EP < SP SP = S
Study 7 Ballester et al. (2019)	N = 66	18–37	M & F	EP = 22 (10 females) SP = 22 (eight females) S = 22 (12 Females)	Duration: 9 min Stimuli: GP	A	EP < S EP = SP SP = S

Notes:

Sex: M = Male, F = Female; Sport type: SP = Self-paced, EP =Externally-paced, S = Sedentary; Stimuli: RC = red circumference, GP = gabor patch; VO₂ (ml · kg⁻¹ · min⁻¹) estimation methods: A = estimation of the VO_2max from the maximum power output in a maximal incremental cycle-ergometer test, B = estimation of the VO_2max from the Léger Multi-stage fitness test and C = direct measure of oxygen uptake at the ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT; VO_{2 at VAT}) in a submaximal incremental cycle-ergometer test.

^*The shorter RT showed by SP group was limited to the first 36′ of the task.