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Immunologic changes during chronic kidney disease (Anders 2013)
| Increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines Increased complement activation Activation of adhesion molecule expression in endothelial cells Increased production of reactive oxygen species inducing oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction Decreased phagocytic function Impaired antigen-presentation Impaired ratio of CD4/CD8 T cells Impaired B cell response Shift of Th1/Th2 ratio toward Th2 cells |
