Table 1.

Different studies on anti –hyperlipidemia effects of Crataegus pinnatifida

Part(s) of the plant used/Extract(s)	Active constituents	Dosage/route/duration of treatment	Experiment model	Outcome	Reference
Fruit	Pectin penta - oligogalacturonide	300 mg/KG concentration/oral infusion/ 4 and 10 weeks	Six week old male Kunming mice	Hepatic TG was suppressed by as much as forty percent. HPSS administration was also able to reduce lipid inclusions in the liver by number and size as well. In addition, epididymal and perirenal fat accumulation was suppresed.	(50)
Fruit extract	Oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA) (two triterpenic acids)	Different dosages/oral/4 weeks	Male Lakeview golden Syrian hamsters	By inhibiting the ACAT enzyme, OA and UA reduced LDL and VLDL cholesterol levels by 6% compared to the control.	(51)
Fruit extract	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) inhibitors	Stomach tube/six weeks	Kunming mice	Results identified 4 main HMGR inhibitor compounds, Quercetin, Hyperoside, Rutin and Chlorogenic acid.	(53)
A multi herb preparation Multiherb formula (Crataegus pinnatifida, Alisma orientalis, Stigma maydis, Ganoderma lucidum, Polygonum multiflorum and Morus alba)		Four capsules of either the placebo or herbal formula in the morning and in the evening/oral 12 weeks	42 Chinese patients 18 years or older considered to have dyslipidemia	Results showed that there was a 9.4 % decrease of LDL- C; the study also showed that after 12 weeks, the herbal formula elevated triglyceride levels.	(54)
Multiherbal preparation containing Aurricularia aurricula, Pueraria radix and Crataegus pinnatifida (AHP)	Polysaccharides and polyphenols	150mg/kg/day and 450 mg/kg/day/ gastric infusion/ 12 weeks	4 week old ICR mice	At the dose of 150mg/kg/day, AHP reduced LDL-C by 22.92 % and at the dose of 450 mg/kg/day LDL-C decreased by 39.58%. Total cholesterol levels were also reduced to 75.13% (150mg/kg/day) and 68.81 %( 450 mg/kg/day) of the initial levels in the CED group. AHP also showed the ability to decrease fatty deposits in the liver of the treated mice.	(55)
Extract from fruit powder	-	Either 100mg/kg of the hawthorn extracts(OL) or 200mg/kg of the extract(OH)/oral/8 weeks	Nine week old female Sprague –Dawley rats (ovariectomized or sham group)	Total cholesterol levels were reduced by 16% in the OL group and 14% lower in the OH group compared to the OVX control group, which did not receive hawthorn fruit extract. Also LDL levels decreased by 20 and 32 % in the OL and OH groups respectively. Free fatty acids decreased by 51% in the OH group compared to the OVX control. However no significant difference was observed in triglyceride and VLDL levels	(57)
Shan-Zha (fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida)	-	250mg/kg Shan-Zha (which was dissolved in water) was administered by gavage orally 3 times a day for a week.	C57BL/6J male mice	Results showed that treatment with Shan-Zha was able to lower both triglyceride and cholesterol levels. However, it did not reduce body weight in the HFD mice.	(60)
Dried powder of hawthorn fruit	-	2% w/w powder fed for 4 weeks	Male Sprague Dawley rats	Total cholesterol and LDL levels were reduced. An increase of HDL levels was observed.	(62)
A low sugar content drink from hawthorn. It was also fortified with vitamin c and zinc gluconate to enhance the anti-oxidative properties of the plant	-	Fed the Hawthorn drink for 6-9 weeks	37 male Sprague-Dawley rats	After the tenth week of treatment, the group receiving the hawthorn drink showed significantly lower body weights. The serum cholesterol and TG levels were also reduced significantly. Results also showed that the hawthorn drink was able to increase HDL-C levels and decrease LDL-C levels the rats.	(63)
A low sugar content drink from hawthorn. It was also fortified with vitamin c and zinc gluconate to enhance the anti-oxidative properties of the plant	-	hawthorn drink twice a day for a month	Humans that were diagnosed with hyperlipidemia	The patients had an initial average serum cholesterol level of 7.30 ± 1.04 mmol/l which was reduced to 6.19 ± 1.56 mmol/l after one month of drinking the hawthorn drink. Their triglyceride levels also decreased from 1.93 ± 0.92 to 1.75 ± 0.96 mmol/l. The drink was also able to lower LDL-C levels.	(63)