Assessment of colon injury score and DNA-damaged biomarker in colon by day 14 after AIC induction. A-E. Showing the pathological finding of H.E. stain (200 ×) for identification of colon injury scores. F. Analytical result of colon injury score, * vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡, §, ¶), P<0.0001. Scale bars in right lower corner represent 50 µm. G-K. Showing the immunofluorescent microscopic finding (400 ×) for identification of positively-stained γ-H2AX cells (pink color). L. Analytical result of number of γ-H2AX+ cells, * vs. other groups with different symbols (†, ‡, §, ¶), P<0.0001. Scale bars in right lower corner represent 20 µm. All statistical analyses were performed by one-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison post hoc test (n = 6 for each group). Symbols (*, †, ‡, §, ¶) indicate significance at the 0.05 level. SC = sham control; AIC = acute inflammatory colitis; Mel = melatonin; Exo = exosome.