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. 2019 May 13;3:1464. [Version 1] doi: 10.12688/gatesopenres.12957.1

Table 1. Effect of topical application of forty compounds on adult female Anopheles gambiae.

Knock down and mortality was observed 60 minutes and 24 hours after topical application, respectively, and were corrected for negative control mortality using Abbott’s formula ( Abbott, 1925). UN denotes a compound listed by IRAC (2018) with unknown or uncertain mode of action. Compounds indicated as being unclassified have not been listed by IRAC (2018). ND indicates a data point which was not collected.

IRAC Class Compound Name Mean % Knock Down Mean % Mortality Breakpoint
(% AI)
0.01% 0.1% 1% 0.01% 0.1% 1%
1A Formetanate
hydrochloride
ND ND ND 81.50 86.20 90.00 0.01
2B Ethiprole ND ND ND 100.00 100.00 100.00 0.01
3A Flumethrin 6.67 86.67 96.88 96.70 100.00 96.70 0.01
Imiprothrin ND ND ND 96.70 96.70 100.00 0.01
4A Dinotefuran 74.42 100.00 100.00 65.13 0.00 100.00 1
Clothianidin 80.65 81.25 93.10 100.00 96.49 96.49 0.1
Nitenpyram 96.88 100.00 100.00 96.56 100.00 100.00 0.1
Thiacloprid 63.33 81.25 86.67 19.00 0.00 42.33 >1
4C Sulfoxaflor 37.68 50.00 93.33 58.52 78.61 100.00 1
4D Flupyradifurone ND ND ND 48.20 33.30 73.60 >1
4E Triflumezopyrim 29.17 64.44 92.96 55.50 89.12 100.00 0.1
5 Spinetoram 90.00 76.67 90.00 92.56 100.00 100.00 0.01
6 Ivermectin 13.10 35.69 60.98 100.00 100.00 100.00 0.01
Tetranactin ND ND ND 0.00 0.00 3.54 >1
Avermectin ND ND ND 73.00 100.00 100.00 0.1
Abamectin 0.00 19.35 35.71 100.00 100.00 95.80 0.01
9B Pyrifluquinazon 86.67 45.16 80.77 46.37 18.11 77.85 >1
12A Diafenthiuron 3.23 85.19 72.73 19.31 11.68 20.50 >1
14 Cartap Hydrochloride 77.42 100.00 100.00 13.40 30.00 40.00 >1
Thiosultap-disodium 9.09 6.67 44.44 19.22 0.00 42.33 >1
19 Amitraz ND ND ND 97.50 86.70 79.30 0.1
21A Tebufenpyrad 41.38 60.00 74.07 0.58 34.60 82.93 1
Fenpyroximate 96.77 100.00 100.00 85.22 96.22 82.36 0.01
Tolfenpyrad 47.58 90.91 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 0.01
Pyridaben ND ND ND 42.00 94.00 76.00 0.1
Fenazaquin 3.33 5.56 31.85 3.98 31.33 70.42 >1
Pyrimidifen 45.45 96.67 100.00 64.63 100.00 100.00 0.1
22A Indoxacarb 3.70 3.33 0.00 68.15 76.67 100.00 1
22B Metaflumizone 14.29 27.59 25.00 92.90 96.60 96.40 0.01
23 Spiromesifen ND ND ND 0.00 0.00 10.00 >1
25A Cyenopyrafen 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00 3.33 6.66 >1
28 Flubendiamide 3.33 3.33 6.67 16.70 16.70 3.30 >1
29 Flonicamid 3.33 10.34 56.67 6.70 13.80 30.00 >1
UN Pyridalyl 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.78 >1
Unclassified Closantel 6.67 10.00 10.00 0.00 7.11 32.08 >1
Fenazaflor 3.33 82.76 71.88 0.00 77.81 89.92 1
Tyclopyrazoflor 14.44 35.02 38.18 38.89 46.46 66.67 >1
Oxazosulfyl 25.45 25.45 50.34 70.91 74.85 96.67 1
Benzpyrimoxan 0.00 0.00 3.33 0.65 0.00 8.53 >1
Dicloromezotiaz 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.54 >1