Table 1. Effect of topical application of forty compounds on adult female Anopheles gambiae.
Knock down and mortality was observed 60 minutes and 24 hours after topical application, respectively, and were corrected for negative control mortality using Abbott’s formula ( Abbott, 1925). UN denotes a compound listed by IRAC (2018) with unknown or uncertain mode of action. Compounds indicated as being unclassified have not been listed by IRAC (2018). ND indicates a data point which was not collected.
| IRAC Class | Compound | Mean KD 60 minutes (%) | Mean Mortality 24 hours (%) | Breakpoint
(% AI) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.01% | 0.1% | 1% | 0.01% | 0.1% | 1% | |||
| 1A | Formetanate hydrochloride | ND | ND | ND | 81.50 | 86.20 | 90.00 | 0.01 |
| 2B | Ethiprole | ND | ND | ND | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 0.01 |
| 3A | Flumethrin | 6.67 | 86.67 | 96.88 | 96.70 | 100.00 | 96.70 | 0.01 |
| Imiprothrin | ND | ND | ND | 96.70 | 96.70 | 100.00 | 0.01 | |
| 4A | Dinotefuran | 74.42 | 100 | 100 | 65.13 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 1 |
| Clothianidin | 80.65 | 81.25 | 93.1 | 100.00 | 96.49 | 96.49 | 0.1 | |
| Nitenpyram | 96.88 | 100 | 100 | 96.56 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 0.1 | |
| Thiacloprid | 63.33 | 81.25 | 86.67 | 19.00 | 0.00 | 42.33 | >1 | |
| 4C | Sulfoxaflor | 37.68 | 50 | 93.33 | 58.52 | 78.61 | 100.00 | 1 |
| 4D | Flupyradifurone | ND | ND | ND | 48.20 | 33.30 | 73.60 | >1 |
| 4E | Triflumezopyrim | 29.17 | 64.44 | 92.96 | 55.50 | 89.12 | 100.00 | 0.1 |
| 5 | Spinetoram | 90 | 76.67 | 90 | 92.56 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 0.01 |
| 6 | Ivermectin | 13.1 | 35.69 | 60.98 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 0.01 |
| Tetranactin | ND | ND | ND | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.54 | >1 | |
| Avermectin | ND | ND | ND | 73.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 0.1 | |
| Abamectin | 0 | 19.35 | 35.71 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 95.80 | 0.01 | |
| 9B | Pyrifluquinazon | 86.67 | 45.16 | 80.77 | 46.37 | 18.11 | 77.85 | >1 |
| 12A | Diafenthiuron | 3.23 | 85.19 | 72.73 | 19.31 | 11.68 | 20.50 | >1 |
| 14 | Cartap Hydrochloride | 77.42 | 100 | 100 | 13.40 | 30.00 | 40.00 | >1 |
| Thiosultap-disodium | 9.09 | 6.67 | 44.44 | 19.22 | 0.00 | 42.33 | >1 | |
| 19 | Amitraz | ND | ND | ND | 97.50 | 86.70 | 79.30 | 0.1 |
| 21A | Tebufenpyrad | 41.38 | 60 | 74.07 | 0.58 | 34.60 | 82.93 | 1 |
| Fenpyroximate | 96.77 | 100 | 100 | 85.22 | 96.22 | 82.36 | 0.01 | |
| Tolfenpyrad | 47.58 | 90.91 | 100 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 0.01 | |
| Pyridaben | ND | ND | ND | 42.00 | 94.00 | 76.00 | 0.1 | |
| Fenaziquin | 3.33 | 5.56 | 31.85 | 3.98 | 31.33 | 70.42 | >1 | |
| Pyrimidifen | 45.45 | 96.67 | 100 | 64.63 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 0.1 | |
| 22A | Indoxacarb | 3.7 | 3.33 | 0 | 68.15 | 76.67 | 100.00 | 1 |
| 22B | Metaflumizone | 14.29 | 27.59 | 25 | 92.90 | 96.60 | 96.40 | 0.01 |
| 23 | Spiromesefin | ND | ND | ND | 0.00 | 0.00 | 10.00 | >1 |
| 25A | Cyenopyrafen | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10.00 | 3.33 | 6.66 | >1 |
| 28 | Flubendiamide | 3.33 | 3.33 | 6.67 | 16.70 | 16.70 | 3.30 | >1 |
| 29 | Flonicamid | 3.33 | 10.34 | 56.67 | 6.70 | 13.80 | 30.00 | >1 |
| UN | Pyridalyl | 0 | 0.33 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.78 | >1 |
| Unclassified | Closantel | 6.67 | 10 | 10 | 0.00 | 7.11 | 32.08 | >1 |
| Fenazaflor | 3.33 | 82.76 | 71.88 | 0.00 | 77.81 | 89.92 | 1 | |
| Tyclopyrazoflor | 14.44 | 35.02 | 38.18 | 38.89 | 46.46 | 66.67 | >1 | |
| Oxazosulfyl | 25.45 | 25.45 | 50.34 | 70.91 | 74.85 | 96.67 | 1 | |
| Benzpyrimoxam | 0 | 0 | 3.33 | 0.65 | 0.00 | 8.53 | >1 | |
| Dicloromezotiaz | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.54 | >1 | |