Table 2. Effect of tarsal contact with 20 compounds, with/without RME, on adult female Anopheles gambiae.
There were 20 compounds applied in acetone to a glass plate and allowed to dry before mosquitoes were exposed to the surface and scored for knock down and mortality 60 minutes and 24 hours, respectively, after exposure. Percentages have been corrected for negative control mortality using Abbott’s formula ( Abbott, 1925). Compounds indicated as being unclassified have not been listed by IRAC (2018). ND indicates a data point which was not collected.
| Compound
(IRAC Class) |
Concentration
(mg AI/m 2) |
Compound alone | Compound + RME | Breakpoint
with RME (mg AI/m 2) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean %
Knock Down |
Mean %
Mortality |
Mean %
Knock Down |
Mean %
Mortality |
|||
|
Dinotefuran
(4A) |
125 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 1.25 |
| 25 | 79.17 | 100.00 | 93.75 | 100.00 | ||
| 5 | 31.03 | 86.21 | 97.14 | 100.00 | ||
| 1.25 | 28.00 | 64.00 | 93.33 | 100.00 | ||
| 0.25 | 6.06 | 15.15 | 14.29 | 78.57 | ||
| 0.05 | 10.00 | 0.00 | 3.85 | 42.31 | ||
|
Clothianidin
(4A) |
125 | 11.99 | 35.71 | 68.00 | 100.00 | 0.25 |
| 25 | 12.95 | 31.25 | 89.45 | 100.00 | ||
| 5 | 59.03 | 67.65 | 96.38 | 100.00 | ||
| 1.25 | 60.71 | 60.00 | 82.94 | 100.00 | ||
| 0.25 | 3.94 | 6.90 | 40.00 | 96.55 | ||
| 0.05 | 9.60 | 9.38 | 0.00 | 78.13 | ||
|
Sulfoxaflor
(4C) |
125 | 6.36 | 70.91 | 82.14 | 96.43 | 5 |
| 25 | 0.00 | 40.94 | 96.55 | 100.00 | ||
| 5 | 0.00 | 26.36 | 35.71 | 85.71 | ||
| 1.25 | 0.00 | 6.67 | 0.00 | 58.62 | ||
| 0.25 | 0.00 | 3.03 | 6.90 | 10.34 | ||
| 0.05 | 5.90 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 11.11 | ||
|
Triflumezopyrim
(4E) |
125 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5 |
| 25 | 36.67 | 50.00 | 60.71 | 96.97 | ||
| 5 | 6.36 | 20.00 | 9.09 | 81.82 | ||
| 1.25 | 10.37 | 35.56 | 0.00 | 62.22 | ||
| 0.25 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 8.82 | 25.07 | ||
| 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 6.67 | 6.73 | ||
|
Spinetoram
(5) |
125 | 7.69 | 73.08 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 25 |
| 25 | 9.68 | 29.03 | 22.50 | 100.00 | ||
| 5 | 3.33 | 10.00 | 0.00 | 71.82 | ||
| 1.25 | 7.69 | 7.69 | 6.58 | 45.10 | ||
| 0.25 | 7.41 | 3.70 | 7.14 | 40.00 | ||
| 0.05 | 0.00 | 6.45 | 0.00 | 0.36 | ||
|
Ivermectin
(6) |
125 | 5.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.25 |
| 25 | 5.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | ||
| 5 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 10.00 | 100.00 | ||
| 1.25 | 0.00 | 70.00 | 0.00 | 95.00 | ||
| 0.25 | 0.00 | 10.00 | 0.00 | 95.00 | ||
| 0.05 | 0.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 60.00 | ||
|
Avermectin
(6) |
125 | 20.94 | 100.00 | ND | ND | 0.25 |
| 25 | 2.00 | 100.00 | 37.50 | 100.00 | ||
| 5 | 9.00 | 37.00 | 21.21 | 100.00 | ||
| 1.25 | 3.45 | 3.45 | 14.71 | 97.06 | ||
| 0.25 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 39.29 | 92.86 | ||
| 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 24.14 | ||
|
Abamectin
(6) |
125 | 17.86 | 96.43 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 1.25 |
| 25 | 13.33 | 100.00 | 46.88 | 100.00 | ||
| 5 | 6.90 | 89.66 | 35.48 | 100.00 | ||
| 1.25 | 10.34 | 41.38 | 55.88 | 94.12 | ||
| 0.25 | 3.33 | 20.00 | 9.09 | 66.67 | ||
| 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 13.79 | 13.79 | ||
|
Diafenthiuron
(12A) |
125 | 0.00 | 3.23 | ND | ND | >125 |
| 25 | 6.90 | 10.34 | 0.00 | 48.17 | ||
| 5 | 0.00 | 6.45 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||
| 1.25 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 1.59 | 1.02 | ||
| 0.25 | 3.45 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||
| 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||
|
Fenpyroximate
(21A) |
125 | 22.73 | 59.09 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 5 |
| 25 | 12.90 | 16.13 | 100.00 | 96.28 | ||
| 5 | 9.68 | 6.45 | 85.03 | 82.01 | ||
| 1.25 | 7.14 | 21.43 | 45.63 | 61.66 | ||
| 0.25 | 8.00 | 4.00 | 13.94 | 10.05 | ||
| 0.05 | 15.38 | 3.85 | 2.71 | 31.64 | ||
|
Tolfenpyrad
(21A) |
125 | 70.37 | 100.00 | 86.21 | 100.00 | 5 |
| 25 | 12.50 | 3.13 | 91.18 | 97.06 | ||
| 5 | 7.41 | 11.11 | 82.86 | 88.57 | ||
| 1.25 | 7.14 | 7.14 | 53.33 | 46.67 | ||
| 0.25 | 0.00 | 3.33 | 43.75 | 18.75 | ||
| 0.05 | 3.23 | 0.00 | 24.14 | 17.24 | ||
|
Pyridaben
(21A) |
125 | 42.72 | 14.49 | 75.06 | 90.00 | 25 |
| 25 | 43.31 | 7.05 | 96.44 | 100.00 | ||
| 5 | 23.78 | 0.00 | 69.94 | 68.75 | ||
| 1.25 | 32.37 | 0.00 | 38.45 | 36.36 | ||
| 0.25 | 17.86 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.23 | ||
| 0.05 | 34.17 | 38.83 | 9.81 | 15.63 | ||
|
Fenaziquin
(21A) |
125 | 20.88 | 21.55 | 80.00 | 80.00 | 125 |
| 25 | 20.83 | 0.00 | 63.64 | 33.33 | ||
| 5 | 8.33 | 3.33 | 17.65 | 5.88 | ||
| 1.25 | 9.44 | 6.11 | 3.23 | 3.23 | ||
| 0.25 | 0.00 | 6.67 | 3.57 | 7.14 | ||
| 0.05 | 3.03 | 0.00 | 3.23 | 0.00 | ||
|
Pyrimidifen
(21A) |
125 | 54.07 | 46.67 | 90.63 | 81.25 | 25 |
| 25 | 50.00 | 6.67 | 100.00 | 100.00 | ||
| 5 | 6.67 | 6.67 | 51.61 | 54.84 | ||
| 1.25 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 17.86 | 3.57 | ||
| 0.25 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | ||
| 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 17.86 | 14.29 | ||
|
Indoxacarb
(22A) |
125 | 3.03 | 1.55 | 3.33 | 100.00 | 25 |
| 25 | 3.33 | 10.00 | 3.23 | 93.55 | ||
| 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 76.92 | ||
| 1.25 | 2.78 | 2.80 | 3.45 | 31.03 | ||
| 0.25 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 6.45 | 6.45 | ||
| 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||
|
Metaflumizone
(22B) |
125 | 3.33 | 3.33 | 7.41 | 64.55 | 5 |
| 25 | 0.00 | 3.33 | 3.33 | 100.00 | ||
| 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 6.67 | 100.00 | ||
| 1.25 | 0.00 | 3.33 | 0.00 | 61.11 | ||
| 0.25 | 0.00 | 3.33 | 3.33 | 16.67 | ||
| 0.05 | 0.00 | 6.67 | 3.33 | 3.33 | ||
|
Tyclopyrazoflor
(Unclassified) |
125 | 33.33 | 73.33 | 64.29 | 64.29 | >125 |
| 25 | 23.70 | 68.89 | 28.13 | 59.38 | ||
| 5 | 10.00 | 40.00 | 22.58 | 35.48 | ||
| 1.25 | 3.03 | 3.03 | 17.24 | 13.79 | ||
| 0.25 | 6.67 | 7.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||
| 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 6.45 | ||
|
Oxazosulfyl
(Unclassified) |
125 | 3.33 | 3.33 | 36.67 | 100.00 | 5 |
| 25 | 3.33 | 6.36 | 43.33 | 100.00 | ||
| 5 | 0.00 | 13.89 | 50.00 | 90.00 | ||
| 1.25 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 56.67 | 60.00 | ||
| 0.25 | 3.33 | 0.00 | 3.33 | 3.33 | ||
| 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 6.90 | ||
|
Benzpyrimoxam
(Unclassified) |
125 | 3.33 | 6.67 | 3.13 | 0.00 | >125 |
| 25 | 0.00 | 3.33 | 0.00 | 7.14 | ||
| 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||
| 1.25 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 7.14 | ||
| 0.25 | 0.00 | 3.33 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||
| 0.05 | 0.00 | 6.67 | 0.00 | 3.57 | ||
|
Dicloromezotiaz
(Unclassified) |
125 | 0.00 | 3.33 | 0.00 | 13.33 | >125 |
| 25 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.33 | ||
| 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 6.67 | 6.67 | ||
| 1.25 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 6.06 | ||
| 0.25 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 19.35 | 25.81 | ||
| 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 24.14 | 24.14 | ||