Table 1 |.

Estimated mean differences in systolic and diastolic BP

Urinary metabolite	A*				B†
	Not adjusted for BMI‡		Adjusted for BMI‡		Not adjusted for BMI‡		Adjusted for BMI‡
	Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)
Alanine	2.69	(6.06)	0.40	(0.92)	2.66	(5.54)	1.13	(2.43)
Formate	−1.19	(−2.62)	−1.42	(−3.29)	−1.94	(−3.92)	−1.04	(−2.20)
Hippurate	−2.10	(−4.85)	−1.63	(−3.95)	−1.72	(−3.70)	−0.82	(−1.83)
N-methylnicotinate	−0.09	(−0.21)	0.20	(0.49)	0.00	(0.00)	0.65	(1.53)
	Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)
Alanine	1.57	(5.17)	0.17	(0.55)	1.58	(4.77)	0.61	(1.90)
Formate	−0.90	(−2.96)	−1.02	(−3.49)	−1.41	(−4.22)	−0.86	(−2.65)
Hippurate	−0.98	(−3.33)	−0.71	(−2.50)	−0.77	(−2.42)	−0.23	(−0.73)
N-methylnicotinate	−0.07	(−0.25)	0.09	(0.32)	−0.01	(−0.03)	0.37	(1.27)

Systolic and diastolic blood pressure differences per 12 s.d. difference in easch of four quantified urinary metabolites (mean of two 24-h urine values). Numbers in parentheses are Z scores, that is, regression coefficient divided by standard error (Z-score ≥ 1.96, P < 0.05; ≥ 2.58, P < 0.01; ≥ 3.29, P < 0.001;≥ 3.89, P < 0.0001). 2 s.d. difference for alanine = 0.34 mmol per 24 h (n = 4,232); formate = 0.29 mmol per 24 h (n 5 4,147); hippurate = 3.55 mmol per 24 h (n = 4,184); N-methylnicotinate = 0.41 mmol per 24 h (n = 4,081) (chemical shifts used for quantification: alanine, δ 1.48; formate, δ 8.45; hippurate, δ 7.85 and N-methylnicotinate, δ 4.44). Regression coefficients for individuals are pooled across countries (Methods); there is no evidence for cross-country heterogeneity in size of coefficients.

^*A: Adjusted for age, sex, sample, special diet, supplement use, cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus diagnosis, physical activity (h per 24 h moderate or heavy activity), family history of high blood pressure.

^†B: A + 7-day alcohol (g per 24 h) 1 urinary Na⁺ (mmol per 24 h) 1 urinary K⁺ excretion (mmol per 24 h).

^‡Body mass index (kg m⁻²).