A) Time-course of the gaze following stimuli in each condition (congruent, incongruent, and scrambled). Each condition began with a static adult face (or scrambled face) with two identical objects on either side. After 500 ms, either the left or the right object was cued by a flashing red square, and once infants directed their gaze to the cued object, the adult actor either turned their head toward the cued or uncued object (i.e. adult target). The movement lasted 1000 ms and was followed by a 1500 ms static period. Typical gaze behaviour for the infant participant is shown below the stimuli for each condition: in the congruent and incongruent conditions, infants tended to look from the cued (highlighted) object to the adult, then to the adult’s target object; in the scrambled condition, infants tended to look from the cued (highlighted) object to the scrambled face only. B) Order of preferential and gaze following (EEG) stimuli. The whole experiment consisted of the following: a baseline block of preferential gaze trials (3 trials), followed by 10 blocks of gaze following trials (3 trials per block), a preferential gaze test block (3 trials), and then ≤ 10 blocks of gaze following trials (3 trials per block). EEG data were recorded during all gaze following trials (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article).