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(A) Cyr61/CCN1 overexpression results in GEM-inactivation in PDAC cells. Cyr61/CCN1 suppresses dCK expression, which is needed to activate GEM. (B) Tumor cell-secreted Cyr61/CCN1 promotes desmoplasia via enhancing CTGF/CCN2 levels in fibroblasts. T, primary tumors; α-SMA, alpha-smooth muscle.
