Table 2.
Association between Human Sanitation and Animal Feces Sources and the Presence and Concentration of Enterococci in Soil from Kisumu Neighborhood Public Domainsa
| (A) Presence of Enterococci | (B) Log10 | Concentration of Enterococci | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| exposure | enterococci present, % (n positive/N) |
unadj OR (95% CI) |
adj OR (95% CI) |
exposure | mean log10 concn (SD) |
unadj RR (95% CI) |
adj RR (95% CI) |
| observed feces on ground | 80.7 (125/155) | 2.67 (0.41, 17.44) | 2.42 (0.62, 9.45) | observed feces on ground | 2.5 (2.0) | 1.65 (0.92, 2.96) | 1.25 (0.66, 2.37) |
| no feces on ground | 76.1 (54/71) | ref | ref | no feces on ground | 2.4 (2.1) | ref | ref |
| observed open defecation indicators | 71.0 (44/62) | 1.42 (0.31, 6.55)b | 0.86 (0.22, 3.28) | observed open defecation indicators | 2.1 (2.0) | 1.63 (0.87, 3.05)b | 1.18 (0.60, 2.33) |
| no open defecation indicators | 82.3 (135/164) | ref | ref | no open defecation indicators | 2.6 (2.0) | ref | ref |
| domestic animals | 83.0 (146/176) | 2.88 (0.35, 24.03) | 3.42 (0.69, 17.03) | domestic animals | 2.6 (2.0) | 1.82 (0.86, 3.85) | 1.50 (0.63, 3.56) |
| no domestic animals | 66.0 (33/50) | ref | ref | no domestic animals | 2.0 (2.1) | ref | ref |
| flies | 79.9 (17½14) | 1.73 (0.11, 27.31) | 0.72 (0.05, 11.39) | flies | 2.5 (2.0) | 3.02 (1.39, 6.56) | 1.88 (0.74, 4.76) |
| no flies | 57.1 (4/7) | ref | ref | no flies | 0.6 (0.9) | ref | ref |
| latrine condition: none | 71.1 (32/45) | ref | ref | latrine condition: none | 1.9 (2.0) | ref | ref |
| latrine condition: good | 66.7 (8/12) | 0.78 (0.10, 5.85) | 0.59 (0.05, 7.40) | latrine condition: good | 1.2 (1.6) | 0.67 (0.23, 1.94) | 0.67 (0.22, 2.09) |
| latrine condition: bad | 82.5 (139/169) | 1.07 (0.19, 6.03) | 1.03 (0.19, 5.56) | latrine condition: bad | 2.7 (2.0) | 1.50 (0.70, 3.22) | 1.31 (0.57, 3.01) |
All models are adjusted for landscape features, relative humidity, altitude, and ambient temperature. Adjusted models also include all five exposure variables at the same time. SD, standard deviation; OR, odds ratio; RR, risk ratio; CI, confidence interval; ref, reference value. Surface water is not included because all samples were positive. Statistical significance (P < 0.05) is indicated by boldface type.
The unadjusted OR and RR for this model reflect significant confounding by an ecological variable. Bivariate association for open defecation indicators and presence of enterococci is unadj OR = 0.50 (95% CI 0.19, 1.34), and the bivariate model for open defecation indicators and log10 concentration of enterococci is unadj RR = 0.92 (95% CI 0.48, 1.76).