Table 3.
Association between Human Sanitation and Animal Feces Sources and Presence and Diversity in Enteric Pathogens from Kisumu Neighborhood Public Domainsa
| (A) Presence of Any Pathogen | (B) Pathogen Diversity | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| exposure | any pathogen, % (n positive/N) |
inadj OR (95% CI) |
adj OR (95% CI) |
exposure | mean diversity (SD) |
unadj RR (95% CI) |
adj RR (95% CI) |
| observed feces on ground | 83.9 (130/155) | 1.41 (0.41, 4.87) | 1.01 (0.25, 4.04) | observed feces on ground | 1.9 (1.9) | 1.04 (0.80, 1.34) | 1.0 (0.75, 1.33) |
| no feces on ground | 83.1 (59/71) | ref | 1.02 ref | no feces on ground | 1.8 (2.0) | ref | 2.0 ref |
| observed open defecation indicators | 82.3 (51/62) | 1.46 (0.41, 5.19) | 0.98 (0.22, 4.52) | observed open defecation indicators | 1.4 (1.5) | 0.95 (0.70, 1.29) | 0.88 (0.63, 1.22) |
| no open defecation indicators | 84.2 (138/164) | ref | ref | no open defecation indicators | 2.0 (2.1) | ref | ref |
| domestic animals | 85.3 (151/177) | 1.60 (0.43, 5.91) | 1.53 (0.28, 8.54) | domestic animals | 2.0 (2.1) | 1.39 (1.03, 1.89) | 1.44 (1.01, 2.06) |
| no domestic animals | 77.6% (38/49) | ref | ref | no domestic animals | 1.3 (1.2) | ref | ref |
| flies | 84.7 (182/215) | 17.1 (0.70, 418.0) | 5.15 (0.20, 130.1) | flies | 1.9 (2.0) | 2.35 (1.00, 5.56) | 2.00 (0.84, 4.79) |
| no flies | 42.9 (3/7) | ref | ref | no flies | 0.6 (0.8) | ref | ref |
| latrine condition: none | 84.4 (38/45) | ref | ref | latrine condition: none | 1.5 (1.7) | ref | ref |
| latrine condition: good | 66.7 (8/12) | 0.16 (0.01, 2.72) | 0.70 (0.10, 4.99) | latrine condition: good | 0.8 (0.8) | 0.77 (0.39, 1.51) | 0.78 (0.40, 1.53) |
| latrine condition: bad | 84.6 (143/169) | 0.78 (0.17, 3.54) | 0.98 (0.21, 4.52) | latrine condition: bad | 2.0 (2.0) | 1.12 (0.79, 1.58) | 1.08 (0.74, 1.57) |
a
Adjusted for landscape features, relative humidity, altitude, and ambient temperature. SD, standard deviation; OR, odds ratio; RR, risk ratio; CI,confidence interval; ref, reference value. Statistical significance (P < 0.05) is indicated by boldface type.