Table 2.

3D hydrogels for PDAC cell culture

Materials	Focus	Stiffness	Cell types used	Reference
Matrigel	Cell polarity & organization	N/A	Panc-1, MIA PaCa-2, Su.86.86, BxPC-3	[38]
	Response to cytokines and inhibitors, and chemotherapeutics	N/A	AsPC-1, BxPC3, COLO- 357, T3M4, PK- 1, PK-2, Rlnk-2	[39]
	Effect of ruxolitinib on co-culture of PCCs and endothelial cells	N/A	Endothelial cells, Panc-1, IUSCC-PC1	[41]
	Invasion assay	N/A	MIA PaCa-2, Panc-1, Hs766T, HPDE	[42]
	Effect of hypoxia on enhanced aggressive phenotype	N/A	Pa03C, Pa02C, Panc10.05, CAF19, MIA PaCa2, UH1303–02	[43]
	Quiescence/activation of pancreatic stellate cells	N/A	PSC	[44]
Collagen	Gemcitabine resistance	N/A	Panc-1, CD18/HPAF-II	[46]
	let-7 regulation & TGF-ß1- mediated MT1-MMP expression	N/A	Panc-1	[47]
	MMP expression, EMT	N/A	HPDE, Panc-1, CD18, AsPC-1	[48]
	MMP14 activation & invasion	N/A	Panc-1	[49]
	Cellular contractility & matrix stiffness	0.05–2 kPa	Panc-1, BxPC- 3, and AsPC-1, HaCat (keratinocyte), MDA-MB-231 (breast cancer)	[50]
	Collagen fibrillar microstructure & EMT	0.1–1 kPa	Panc-1, BxPC3, MIA PaCa-2	[51]
Hyaluronic acid	3D cell carrier for orthotopic implantation of PCCs	N/A	MIA PaCa-2	[52]
	Effect of 3D matrix stiffness on PCC growth	1, 2, 5 kPa	COLO-357	[53]
	Effect of dynamic matrix stiffening on EMT	1 to 5 kPa	COLO-357, Panc-1	[66]
Fibronectin- coated polyacrylamide hydrogels (2D)	Substrate rigidity on activation & durotaxis of pancreatic stellate cells	1 to 25 kPa	PSC	[44]
PEG-peptide hydrogels	Effect of integrin ligands & matrix stiffness on cell morphogenesis & EMT	3 to 6 kPa	Panc-1	[56]
	Matrix properties and EGF receptor inhibition on the growth of PANC-1 cells	2 to 12 kPa	Panc-1	[55]
	Effect of matrix stiffness and collagen 1 on MT1-MMP expression & EMT	2 kPa	COLO-357	[54]
	Effect of dynamic matrix stiffening on PSC	1 to 5 kPa	PSC	[65]