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Population
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Prevalent stigmatized groups in American society, including gender, race/ethnicity, age, body weight/obesity, and sexual orientation aged ≥ 19 years |
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Exposure
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History of discrimination determined via questionnaire / interview or a laboratory stigma exposure |
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Comparator
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Gender (e.g., men vs women); race/ethnicity (e.g., African American vs Caucasian); body weight/obesity (e.g., obese vs normal weight); sexual orientation (e.g., gay/bisexual vs heterosexual) |
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Outcome
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A relationship between discrimination and cardiovascular health indicators including blood pressure, heart rate variability/heart rate, blood and saliva cardiovascular heath biomarkers, and ‘other’ various diseases states as indices of cardiovascular health such as heart disease. |
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Design
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All study designs were eligible for inclusion except systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and case studies. |
