Table 4. Associations between cephalexin resistance among E. coli urinary samples and antibiotic prescribing (DDD per 1000 persons per day).
| Antibiotic prescribed | Cephalexin resistance, antibiotic prescribing 1 month before. RR (2.5th–97.5th percentile of bootstrap) | Cephalexin resistance, antibiotic prescribing 1–3 month before. RR (2.5th–97.5th percentile of bootstrap) | Cephalexin resistance, antibiotic prescribing 1 year before. RR (2.5th–97.5th percentile of bootstrap) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tetracyclines (J01AA) | 0.97 (0.89–1.02) | 0.97 (0.86–1.02) | 0.96 (0.85–1.05) |
| Penicillins with extended spectrum (J01CA) | 0.99 (0.94–1.06) | 0.98 (0.90–1.06) | 0.96 (0.87–1.08) |
| Beta-lactamase-sensitive penicillins (J01CE) | 0.98 (0.63–1.00) | 0.97 (0.56–1.00) | 0.95 (0.42–1.00) |
| Beta-lactamase-resistant penicillins (J01CF) | 0.98 (0.70–1.35) | 0.98 (0.73–1.45) | 1.00 (0.69–1.65) |
| Combinations of penicillins, including β-lactamase inhibitors (J01CR) | 0.98 (0.69–1.10) | 0.97 (0.67–1.13) | 0.95 (0.59–1.15) |
| First-generation cephalosporins (J01DB) | 1.01 (0.94–1.41) | 1.01 (0.95–1.50) | 1.04 (0.92–1.78) |
| Trimethoprim and derivatives (J01EA) | 1.03 (0.98–1.75) | 1.04 (0.98–1.87) | 1.08 (0.97–2.04) |
| Macrolides (J01FA) | 0.95 (0.75–1.00) | 0.94 (0.73–1.00) | 0.92 (0.70–1.00)a |
| Fluoroquinolones (J01MA) | 1.00 (0.81–1.30) | 1.00 (0.77–1.34) | 1.01 (0.63–1.44) |
| Nitrofuran derivatives (J01XE) | 1.01 (0.94–1.44) | 1.01 (0.94–1.51) | 1.04 (0.93–1.72) |
| Other antibacterials (J01XX) | - | 1.00 (0.91–1.52) | - |
a Associations for which 2.5th and 97.5th percentile of the clustered bootstrap are both indicating an increased or decreased risk. Results are adjusted for differences in the test rate, time and use of other antibiotics (full model results shown in Table C in S2 File).