Table 5. Associations between ciprofloxacin resistance among E. coli urinary samples and antibiotic prescribing (DDD per 1000 persons per day).
| Antibiotic prescribed | Ciprofloxacin resistance, antibiotic prescribing 1 month before. RR (2.5th–97.5th percentile of bootstrap) | Ciprofloxacin resistance, antibiotic prescribing 1–3 month before. RR (2.5th–97.5th percentile of bootstrap) | Ciprofloxacin resistance, antibiotic prescribing 1 year before. RR (2.5th–97.5th percentile of bootstrap) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tetracyclines (J01AA) | 0.92 (0.88–0.98)a | 0.92 (0.87–0.98) a | 0.93 (0.85–1.01) |
| Penicillins with extended spectrum (J01CA) | 1.09 (1.04–1.17) a | 1.10 (1.03–1.19) a | 1.13 (1.02–1.25) |
| Beta-lactamase-resistant penicillins (J01CF) | - | - | 0.96 (0.65–1.24) |
| Trimethoprim and derivatives (J01EA) | 1.34 (1.10–1.59) a | 1.35 (1.13–1.72) a | 1.35 (1.11–1.78) a |
| Macrolides (J01FA) | 0.85 (0.76–0.94) a | 0.84 (0.75–0.94) a | 0.84 (0.73–0.95) a |
| Fluoroquinolones (J01MA) | 1.24 (1.00–2.81) | 1.29 (1.00–3.55) | 1.38 (1.00–4.40) |
| Nitrofurantoin | - | - | 1.00 (0.65–1.14) |
a Associations for which 2.5th and 97.5th percentile of the clustered bootstrap are both indicating an increased or decreased risk. Results are adjusted for differences in the test rate, time and use of other antibiotics (full model results shown in Table D in S2 File).