Table 1.

Glucosepane levels in various human and animal tissues.

Tissue	Species condition	Glucosepane levels	References
Skin collagen	Human (age-related increase)	Control: up to 2000 pmol/mg at 100 years	Sell [18, 19]
		Diabetes: up to 4000 pmol/mg
Skin collagen	Human (30–40 years old)	Control mean: 1500 pmol/mg	Monnier [20]
		Diabetes mean: 2700 pmol/mg
		Diabetic mean: 2400 pmol/mg (good control)
Skin collagen	Mole rat	Up to 250 pmol/mg at 10 years	Dammann [21]
Tendon collagen	Rat (12 months)	Control mean: 100 mg/pmol	Mustata [22]
		STZa diabetes mean: 300 pmol/mg
Lens crystallins	Human	Up to 400 pmol/mg protein at 100 years	Fan [19]
		132–241 pmol/mg	Biemel [23]
Kidney (glomerular basement membrane collagen)	Human	Mean: 250 pmol/mg collagen (no increase with age)	Sell et al. [18]
		Diabetes: up to 900 pmol/mg
Serum proteins	Human	Control: 12–20 pmol/mg protein Up to 43 pmol/mg (diabetes)	Biemel et al. [23]

^aSTZ, streptozotocin.