(A) Histone modifications at the cytokine promoters in naïve and preconditioned astrocytes. Cells were re-stimulated for 8h. ChIP analysis from three independent experiments. Error bars represent s.e.m., * P<0.05 (two-way ANOVA). (B) Expression of genes encoding cytokines in naïve and preconditioned astrocytes re-stimulated with IL-1β for 30 min. Scheme of the experimental design (right panel). qPCR analysis from three independent experiments. Error bars represent s.d., * P<0.05 (two-way ANOVA, Sidak’s test). (C) RelB and p50 binding at the cytokine promoters. Cells were stimulated for 0.5 or 8h. ChIP analysis from three-five independent experiments. Error bars represent s.e.m., * P<0.05 (one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s test). (D) Accumulation of signaling molecules in the nuclei of naïve and preconditioned astrocytes analyzed by western blotting (representative blots of two experiments). (E) Data shown in D (right panel) were quantified by ImageJ.