Table 3.

Study characteristics.

Authorref	Control type	Population	Subject, n	Control, n	Meditation intervention	Comparison intervention	Meditation duration, weeks	Meditationa hours	Scale /b V0 mean	AssessmentTime-point	Post- interventionc	Follow-upd (5–12 months)	Risk of bias
Adler,et al.34	SAC	Obesity	100	94	MBSR	Progressive muscle relaxation	16	42	PSQI5.95	6-month12-month	Ø	↑	L (9)
Garland,et al.30	SAC	Cancer with insomnia	64	47	MBSR	CBT-I	8	18	PSQI12.51	Post-intervention5-month	-	-	M (7)
Gross,et al.31	SAC	Insomnia	20	10	MBSR	Drug	8	26	PSQI11.56	Post-intervention5-month	↑	↑	M (8)
Schmidt,et al.35	SAC	Fibromyalgia syndrome	53	56	MBSR	Progressive muscle relaxation	8	27	PSQI11.34	Post-intervention	Ø		M (8)
van der Zwan,et al.36	SAC	High stress	27	23	MM	Exercise	5	NR	PSQI5.74	Post-intervention	↑		M (7)
Vanhuffel,et al.37	SAC	Insomnia	16	13	MBCT	CBT-I	8	14	PSQI13.07	Post-intervention	↑		H (5)
Wong,et al.38	SAC	Insomnia	101	95	MBCT-I	Sleep psycho-education with exercise	8	20	ISI17.96	Post-intervention8-month	+	Ø	L (9)
Black,et al.39	NSAC	Older adults with sleep disturbance	24	25	MAPs	Sleep hygiene education	6	12	PSQI10.2	Post-intervention	+		L (11)
Dykens,et al.40	NSAC	Mothers withdisabled children	94	108	MBSR	Positive adult development	6	9	ISI12.34	Post-intervention7.5-monthe	+	Ø	M (8)
Gross,et al.41	NSAC	Organ transplant	71	66	MBSR	Health education	8	26	PSQI7.77	Post-intervention12-month	+	+	M (7)
Hoge,et al.42	NSAC	General anxiety disorder	48	41	MBSR	Stress management education	8	20	PSQI8.26	Post-intervention	+		M (8)
Johns,et al.43	NSAC	Breast and colorectal cancer	35	36	MBSR	Psychoeducation support group	8	16	ISI16.35	Post-intervention6-month	Ø	Ø	L (12)
Malarkey,et al.44	NSAC	Cardiovascular disease risk	93	93	MBSR-low dose	Lifestyle education	8	10	PSQI8.55	Post-intervention	↑		L (9)
Nakamura,et al.45	NSAC	Posttraumatic stress disorder with sleep disturbance	35	28	MBB	Sleep hygiene education	2	3	MOS-SS57.73	Post-intervention	+		M (6)
Nakamura,et al.46	NSAC	Cancer with insomnia	19	18	MBB	Sleep hygiene education	3	6	MOS-SS56.52	Post-intervention	+		M (8)
Nakamura,et al.47	NSAC	Gulf war illnesswith sleep disturbance	33	27	MBB	Sleep hygiene education	3	6	MOS-SS64.2	Post-intervention	↑		L (9)
Oken,et al.48	NSAC	Dementia caregivers	10	11	MM+CBT-I	Caregiver education	6	9	PSQI8.33	Post-intervention	Ø		M (8)
Van Gordon,et al.49	NSAC	Fibromyalgia syndrome	74	74	MAT	Cognitive behavioral theory-group	8	18	PSQI14.10	Post-intervention6-month	+	+	L (9)

^aMeditation hours were reported as expected in-class hours per intervention, including the retreat.

^bThe v0 sleep scale mean (e.g., baseline weighted average) was used to determine that the study cohort had clinically relevant sleep disturbance based on established cutoff scores.

^cDirection of effect is based on the relative difference in change analysis.

^dFollow-up findings were reported for studies with a follow-up assessment between 5 and 12 months.

^eInability to obtain the Dykens, et al.,⁴⁰ follow-up data precluded inclusion in the meta-analysis.

CBT-I, cognitive behavioral therapy-insomnia; ISI, insomnia severity index; MAPs, meditation awareness practices; MAT, meditation awareness training; MBB, mind-body bridging; MBCT, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy; MBCT-I, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for insomnia; MBSR, mindfulness-based stress reduction; MM, mindfulness meditation; MOS-SS, medical outcomes study-sleep scale; NR, mediation was encouraged, but no specific time was reported; NSAC, nonspecific active control; PSQI, Pittsburgh sleep quality index; RCTS, randomized controlled trials; SAC, specific active control; h, high risk of bias; m, medium risk of bias; l, low risk of bias; +, favors meditation (>5%) and is statistically significant; –, favors control (<−5%) and is statistically significant; ↑, favors meditation (>5%) and is not statistically significant; ↓, favors control (<−5%) and is not statistically significant; ø, no effect (within –5% to 5%).