Table II.

Studies reporting clinical efficacy of LDL apheresis for treatment-resistant nephrotic syndrome.

Group	Study Design	Method	Results
(Muso et al. 1994)16	Retrospective (Japan)	8 patients with steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome received a mean of 7 LDL-A treatments	4 patients achieved full remission, one patient had partial remission
(Muso et al. 2001)17	Prospective (Japan)	17 patients with steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome due to FSGS underwent LDL-A, compared to 10 nephrotic patients treated with steroids only	The time needed to achieve less than nephrotic range proteinuria was significantly shorter in the LDL-A group
(Yoshizawa et al. 2003)18	Case series (Japan)	6 patients with steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome received an average of 11 LDL-A treatments	4 patients achieved complete remission and one achieved a type one incomplete remission
(Muso et al. 2007)19	Retrospective (Japan)	41 patients with nephrotic syndrome whose short-term outcomes with LDL-A were reported from 1999–2004	29 patients with outcomes determined at 2 years were analyzed. 62% of them were classified into complete remission or type 1 incomplete remission
(Muso et al. 2015)14	Multicenter prospective study (Japan)	44 patients with drug resistant nephrotic syndrome were treated with LDL-A	More than half of the patients showed remission of NS based on the urinary protein level at the completion of LDL-A. Demonstrated LDL-A short efficacy for drug resistant nephrotic syndrome