Table 1. Overview of TFF interactions.

	Interaction	Target location	Experimental approach	Note	Ref.
TFF1	GKN2	AGS, HT-29, HGT-1 and NS-1 cells	Immunoprecipitation	Synergistic anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects	[1, 10]
	MUC2 MUC5AC	Stomach and duodenum	Yeast two-hybrid system	Interacts with VWFC1/VWFC2 domains. Demonstrated in vitro	[1, 7]
	RF-LPS	Helicobacter pylori	SPR, coimmunofluoresence and incubation with tissue sections	Explains the bacteria tropism for colonising gastric tissue. Interacts with the carbohydrate moiety.	[15]
TFF2	CXCR4	Jurkat and AGS expressing CXCR4 cell lines	Ca2+mobilization	Activity at 500 nM	[4]
	PAR4	HT-29 cells	Receptor knockdown by siRNA	Induced cell migration at 200 nM	[9]
	DMBT1	Porcine stomach membranes	Affinity chromatography	Putative receptor. No signalling upon binding was shown	[7]
	β-integrin	Porcine stomach membranes	Affinity chromatography	Non-covalent interaction; potential/role in cell migration	[7]
	MUC6	Gastric mucus	MS identification & binding assay	Binds to GlcNAcα1→4Galβ1→R	[13, 14]
TFF3	CXCR4 CXCR7	Ocular surface tissue	Computational docking and functional assays	Induced cell migration at 760 nM	[8]
	PAR2	HT-29 cells	Immunoprecipitation, siRNA and functional assays	Downregulates IL-6 and IL-8	[3]
	FCGBP	Human colonic tissue	Purification of heteromer and identification by MS	TFF3-FCGBP considered reservoir. Lacks motogenic activity	[12]
	DMBT1	Bronchoalveolar lavage and colon	ELISA assay	Ca2+ dependent manner (typical of lectins)	[11]

GKN2: gastrokine 2; MUC: mucin; VWFC: von Willebrand factor; RF-LPS: oligosaccharide portion of lipopolysaccharide; SPR: surface plasmon resonance; CXCR: C-X-C chemokine receptor; PAR: protease-activated receptors; DMBT1: deleted in malignant brain tumours 1; siRNA: small interfering RNA; FCGBP: IgG Fc binding protein; MS mass spectrometry.