Fig. 3. Changes in serum cytokine concentration. After the final treatment, mice from each group were euthanized under anesthesia. The serum used to measure the cytokine concentration was prepared from blood samples collected from the abdominal veins of mice. Serum IgE (A), TNF-α and IL-6 (B) concentrations were quantified by ELISA. Data shown are the mean ± standard deviation (n = 10).

Con, control; PA, phthalic anhydride; TECA, titrated extract of Centella asiatica; AST, astaxanthin; IgE, immunoglobulin E; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IL, interleukin; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

^*P < 0.05 is the significance level compared to the control group. ^†P < 0.05 is the significance level compared to the PA treatment group.