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. 2019 Jun 10;9:8362. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42847-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Protective effect of early start GM1on spontaneous forelimb use and striatal dopamine levels. (A) At 3 weeks following AAV-A53T α-synuclein injection, saline-treated animals (N = 15) favored the use of the limb ipsilateral to the injection and this response continued to be observed at 6 weeks post virus injection. In animals that received GM1 administration beginning 24 hours after AAV-A53T α-synuclein injection (N = 21), use of the limb ipsilateral to the injection was also favored at 3 weeks post injection, but with continued GM1 use, this response was reduced by 6 weeks post virus injection. ****P < 0.0001 vs. baseline (A53T/Saline Bx); ***P = 0.0005; ^^^P = 0.0003 vs. baseline (A53T/GM1 Bx); ^^P = 0.0055 vs. 3 wk. (B) Striatal DA levels were significantly higher in GM1-treated animals vs. saline-treated animals (**P = 0.0072). (C) Striatal DOPAC/DA ratios were significantly higher in saline-treated animals vs. GM1-treated animals (**P = 0.0040).