Table 2.

Selected studies of MSC-derived exosomes in human models.

Experimental System	MSC	Cargo	Method of exosome isolation	Effect	Study
PBMC co-culture	Bone marrow (healthy donors)	ND	Ultracentrifugation and precipitation	Suppressed TNF-a & IL-1b but increased anti-inflammatory factor TGF-b in vitro	(80)
PBMC co-culture	Bone marrow (healthy donors)	ND	Ultracentrifugation	Increased Treg/Teff ratio and IL-10 concentration in culture medium	(81)
Monocyte-derived macrophages	Bone marrow (healthy donors)	ND	Ultracentrifugation	Suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine production, increased M2 macrophage marker expression, and augmented phagocytic capacity of human monocyte derived macrophages in non-contact cultures	(64)
Isolated human pulmonary artery endothelial cells	Umbilical cord	ND	S200 size-exclusion chromatography, differential centrifugation and ultracentrifugation	Regulated STAT3-mediated signaling	(83)
Human umbilical cord vein endo- thelial cells (HUVECs)	Bone marrow (healthy donors)	1,927 proteins identified	Differential centrifugation, filtration and ultracentrifugation	Proteomic analysis of proteins contained in exosomes released by MSC under ischemic like conditions. Mostly proteins such as platelet, epidermal or fibroblast derived growth factors, as well as proteins from nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkB) signaling pathway	(84)
HUVEC & human breast carcinoma-derived cell lines	Bone marrow (healthy donors)	miRNA-100	Differential centrifugation, filtration and ultracentrifugation	Decreased expression of VEGF in breast cancer-derived cells by modulating the mTOR/HIF-1α signaling axis	(85)
Comparative study	Bone marrow (healthy donors)	730 proteins identified in microvesicles	Sucrose cushion centrifugation & ultracentrifugation	Proteomic analysis identified proteins involved in cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, and morphogenesis	(86)