Table 1.

Overview of important immunomodulatory effects of living, apoptotic, and dead MSCs.

	Living MSCs	Apoptotic MSCs	Dead MSCs*
Inhibition of T cell proliferation in MLR	+	n.a.	–
Induction of regulatory T cells in vivo	+	n.a.	n.a.
Modulation of monocyte function in vivo	+	(+)**	+
Attenuation of sepsis in vivo	+	+	+

^*Heat-inactivated MSCs without active cell metabolism according to Luk et al. (41).

^**Indirect evidence in study from Galleu et al. (80).

n.a. information not available.