Table 3.

Summary of ANOVA results for effects of elevated CO₂ and increased nitrogen fertilization on chemical defenses of maize.

Measurement	Treatment	df	F	P
JA	CO2	1	0.82	0.38
	N	2	48.27	<0.01
	Infestation	1	29.86	<0.01
	CO2∗N	2	2.94	0.07
	CO2∗infestation	1	0.86	0.36
	N∗infestation	2	1.72	0.20
Total phenolics	CO2	1	4.4	0.05
	N	2	9.49	<0.01
	Infestation	1	12.46	<0.01
	CO2∗N	2	1.66	0.21
	CO2∗infestation	1	5.23	0.03
	N∗infestation	2	3.73	0.04

^∗JA, jasmonic acid; N, low N fertilization level (100 mg N/kg soil mixture), middle N fertilization level (200 mg N/kg soil mixture), and high N fertilization level (300 mg N/kg soil mixture); CO₂, ambient CO₂ concentrations (∼380 ppm) and elevated CO₂ concentrations (∼750 ± 15 ppm); n = 3.