Table 2.

Major findings from studies under muscular activity with less mobility.

	Category of muscular activity with less mobility	Major findings
1	Finger movement	• Changes in signals due to changes in task complexity • Beta synchronization when low intensity flexion, extension • EEG-EMG coherence • Synchronization likelihood highest during rest • Mirror neurons activity reflecting observation and extension • Beta and gamma CMC correlations with force levels • Increases in MRCP and perceived exertion with trajectory of force
2	Gripping and grasping	• Time-dependent source strength function not correlated with force levels • Weak mu and beta ERDs during “hold” • Changes in cortical activation along with intensity of muscle activity • Rapid and distinct changes in cortical patterns during preparation, execution and feedback • Consistent beta modulation for different forces • No change in EEG during movement preparation despite high fatigue • Alternating motor centers retains optimal output during fatigue • Lower PAF indicates fatigue • More power in parietal and occipital areas for grip-based force modulation is needed for older ones • BOLD correlates with alpha and beta • Fractal dimensions positively correlate with grip force • L1 correlates with force and fatigue
3	Wrist exertions	• Alpha correlates with voluntary movement • Beta and gamma index in central electrode detect motor circuit activation • Lower beta power and peak beta CMC during flexion, opposite in extension • Stronger coherence between primary sensorimotor and motor association cortices • 46% relation between joint manipulation and cortical potentials
4	Hand and arm movements	• Increase in PAF when eyes closed • Force-dependent differences in neural signatures during preparation and initiation • Delta, theta and gamma are most sensitive during straight and spiral trajectory movements • Alpha power is less when there is load compared to no-load • Alpha is high in fatigue
5	Lower limb movements	• Beta and gamma coherence during static and dynamic force outputs respectively • CMC correlates positively with beta EMG and force fluctuation capacity