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Germ free (GF) mice exhibit less depressive-like behavior than specific pathogen free (SPF) mice. GF mice have higher preference for 0.5% sucrose (A), show less immobility time in tail suspension test (B) and forced swim test (C) compared to SPF mice. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, two-tailed t-test, N = 10 mice per group.
