Table 1.
AMF-plant-virus biological systems investigated; in the upper section are listed the case studies reporting a protective effect of AMF against viral infection while in the lower section are listed those reporting a detrimental effect.
| Plant (family) | Fungus | Virus (genus, family) | Virus type (baltimore classification) | Effect of AMF on virus infection | Plant tissues considered | Effect of virus infection on AMF-colonized plant | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tomato (Solanaceae) | Funneliformis mosseae (formerly Glomus mosseae) | Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (Begomovirus, geminiviridae) | ssDNA (Group II) | Decreased virus titre, milder symptoms | Leaves, roots | Reduction of roots fresh weight | Maffei et al., 2014 |
| Potato (Solanaceae) | Rhizophagus irregularis (formerly Glomus intraradices) | Potato virus Y (Potyvirus, potyviridae) | Positive ssRNA (Gruppo IV) | Milder symptoms | Leaves, stems, roots | Increase of leaves and stems dry weight | Thiem et al., 2014 |
| Tobacco (Solanaceae) | Rhizophagus irregularis (formerly Glomus intraradices) | Tobacco mosaic virus (Tobamovirus, virgaviridae) | Positive ssRNA (Gruppo IV) | No symptoms, decreased virus titre | Leaves | Not reported | Stolyarchuk et al., 2009 |
| Cucumber (Cucurbitaceae) | Rhizophagus irregularis (formerly Glomus intraradices) | Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (Tobamovirus, virgaviridae) | Positive ssRNA (Gruppo IV) | Milder symptoms, reduced virus titre | Leaves | Not reported | Stolyarchuk et al., 2009 |
| Tomato (Solanaceae) | Funneliformis macrocarpa (formerly Endogone macrocarpa) | Tomato aucuba mosaic virus∗ (Tobamovirus, Virgaviridae) | Positive ssRNA (Gruppo IV) | Increased virus titre | Leaves, roots | Not reported | Daft and Okusanya, 1973 |
| Tomato (Solanaceae) | Funneliformis macrocarpa (formerly Endogone macrocarpa) | Potato virus X (Potexvirus, Alphaflexiviridae) | Positive ssRNA (Gruppo IV) | Increased virus titre | Leaves, roots | Not reported | Daft and Okusanya, 1973 |
| Petunia (Solanaceae) | Funneliformis macrocarpa (formerly Endogone macrocarpa) | Arabis mosaic virus (Nepovirus, secoviridae) | Positive ssRNA (Gruppo IV) | Increased virus titre | leaves, roots | Not reported | Daft and Okusanya, 1973 |
| Strawberry (Rosaceae) | Funneliformis macrocarpa (formerly Endogone macrocarpa) | Arabis mosaic virus (Nepovirus, secoviridae) | Positive ssRNA (Gruppo IV) | Increased virus titre | Leaves, roots | Not reported | Daft and Okusanya, 1973 |
| Tomato (Solanaceae) | Glomus sp. | Tobacco mosaic virus (Tobamovirus, virgaviridae) | Positive ssRNA (Gruppo IV) | Increased virus titre, more severe symptoms | Roots, whole plant (for symptoms evaluation) | Increase of roots fresh weight | Jabaji-Hare and Stobbs, 1984 |
| Sour orange (Rutaceae) | Claroideoglomus etunicatum (formerly Glomus etunicatum) | Citrus tristeza virus (Closterovirus, closteroviridae) | Positive ssRNA (Gruppo IV) | No difference | whole plant | Reduction of roots fresh weight and plant growth | Nemec and Myhre, 1984 |
| Tobacco (Solanaceae) | Rhizophagus irregularis (formerly Glomus intraradices) | Tobacco mosaic virus (Tobamovirus, virgaviridae) | Positive ssRNA (Gruppo IV) | more severe symptoms | leaves | Not reported | Shaul et al., 1999 |
| Potato (Solanaceae) | Rhizophagus irregularis (formerly Glomus intraradices) | Potato virus Y (Potyvirus, potyviridae) | Positive ssRNA (Gruppo IV) | Increased virus titre, more severe symptoms | leaves,whole plant (for symptoms evaluation) | Reduction of shoots length, fresh and dry weight, and tuber weight. Slight reduction of chlorophyll content | Sipahioglu et al., 2009 |
| Tomato (Solanaceae) | Rhizophagus irregularis (formerly Glomus intraradices) | Tobacco mosaic virus (tobamovirus, virgaviridae) | Positive ssRNA (Gruppo IV) | Increased virus titre | Leaves | Not reported | Stolyarchuk et al., 2009 |
| Tomato (Solanaceae) | Funneliformis mosseae (formerly Glomus mosseae) | Tomato spotted wilt virus (Orthotospovirus, tospoviridae) | Negative ssRNA (Group V) | Increased virus titre, more severe symptoms (lower recovery) | leaves, roots | Reduction of fresh weight of epigean and hypogean parts | Miozzi et al., 2011 |
| Bromus hordeaceus L. (Poaceae) | Rhizophagus irregularis (formerly Glomus intraradices) | Barley yellow dwarf virus (Luteovirus, luteoviridae) | Positive ssRNA (Gruppo IV) | Increased virus titre (only with elevated CO2 concentration) | leaves | Not reported | Rùa et al., 2013 |
| Bromus hordeaceus L. (Poaceae) | Rhizophagus irregularis (formerly Glomus intraradices) | Cereal yellow dwarf virus (Polerovirus, luteoviridae) | Positive ssRNA (Gruppo IV) | Increased virus titre (only with elevated CO2 concentration) | leaves | Not reported | Rùa et al., 2013 |
| Avena fatua L. (Poaceae) | Rhizophagus irregularis (formerly Glomus intraradices) | Barley yellow dwarf virus (Luteovirus, luteoviridae) | Positive ssRNA (Gruppo IV) | Increased virus titre (only with elevated CO2 concentration) | leaves | Not reported | Rùa et al., 2013 |
| Avena fatua L. (Poaceae) | Rhizophagus irregularis (formerly Glomus intraradices) | Cereal yellow dwarf virus (Polerovirus, luteoviridae) | Positive ssRNA (Gruppo IV) | Increased virus titre (only with elevated CO2 concentration) | leaves | Not reported | Rùa et al., 2013 |
*a strain of tobacco mosaic virus.