Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of overall patients with cancer according to AKI stage
| Total patients | No AKI | AKI Stage 1 | AKI Stage 2 | AKI Stage 3 | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 67 986 | N = 44 996 | N = 16 331 | N = 3180 | N = 3479 | ||
| Male (N, %) | 34,414 (50.6) | 19,585(43.5) | 10,557(64.6) | 1,897(59.7) | 2,375(68.3) | <0.0001 |
| Age at cancer diagnosis (years) | 56.9 ± 13.0 | 56.9 ± 13.0 | 59.7 ± 12.8 | 59.9 ± 12.9 | 59.3 ± 12.3 | <0.0001 |
| Comorbidities (N, %) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 13,789 (20.3) | 7,602 (16.9) | 4,355 (26.7) | 880 (27.7) | 952 (27.4) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes | 6,312 (9.3) | 3,143 (7.0) | 2,155 (13.2) | 458 (14.4) | 556 (16) | <0.0001 |
| Smoking (N, %) | ||||||
| Current smoker | 8,474 (12.5) | 4,705 (10.5) | 2,697 (16.5) | 492(15.5) | 580 (16.7) | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.6 ± 3.2 | 23.6 ± 3.2 | 23.5 ± 3.3 | 23.3 ± 3.4 | 23.6 ± 3.3 | 0.002 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 123.5 ± 16.4 | 123.1 ± 16.1 | 124.2 ± 16.7 | 122.9 ± 16.8 | 125.2 ± 17.8 | <0.0001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 76.5 ± 11.1 | 76.6 ± 11.1 | 76.6 ± 11.2 | 76.0 ± 11.2 | 76.7 ± 11.2 | 0.690 |
| Cancer (N, %) | ||||||
| Thyroid cancer | 6,146 (9.0) | 5,677 (12.6) | 390 (2.4) | 47 (1.5) | 32 (0.9) | <0.0001 |
| Breast cancer | 10,820 (15.9) | 9,513 (21.1) | 1,079 (6.6) | 125 (3.9) | 103 (3) | |
| Head and neck cancer | 1,253 (1.8) | 821 (1.8) | 356 (2.2) | 45 (1.4) | 31 (0.9) | |
| Central nervous system | 1,365 (2.0) | 909 (2.0) | 388 (2.4) | 44 (1.4) | 24 (0.7) | |
| Stomach | 9,547 (14) | 6,733 (15.0) | 2,179 (13.3) | 347 (10.9) | 288 (8.3) | |
| Colorectal and anal cancer | 7,385 (10.9) | 4,772 (10.6) | 1,979 (12.1) | 298 (9.4) | 336 (9.7) | |
| Pancreatic cancer | 1,638 (2.4) | 878 (2.0) | 522 (3.2) | 141 (4.4) | 97 (2.8) | |
| CBD and GB cancer | 1,287 (1.9) | 670 (1.5) | 432 (2.6) | 88 (2.8) | 97 (2.8) | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | 7,980 (11.7) | 3,688 (8.2) | 2,364 (14.5) | 803 (25.3) | 1,125 (32.3) | |
| Respiratory tract cancer | 5,855 (8.6) | 3,239 (7.2) | 2,140 (13.1) | 284 (8.9) | 192 (5.5) | |
| Kidney and urinary tract cancer | 3,640 (5.4) | 1,667 (3.7) | 1,505 (9.2) | 170 (5.3) | 298 (8.6) | |
| Female genital organ cancer | 2,341 (3.4) | 1,503 (3.3) | 561 (3.4) | 144 (4.5) | 133 (3.8) | |
| Male genital organ cancer | 2,493 (3.7) | 1,685 (3.7) | 591 (3.6) | 48 (1.5) | 169 (4.9) | |
| Hematologic malignancy | 3,226 (4.7) | 1,440 (3.2) | 923 (5.7) | 432 (13.6) | 431 (12.4) | |
| Bone, joint, and soft tissue cancer | 978 (1.4) | 618 (1.4) | 289 (1.8) | 36 (1.1) | 35 (1.0) | |
| Skin cancer and melanoma | 696 (1.0) | 506 (1.1) | 158 (1.0) | 22 (0.7) | 10 (0.3) | |
| Other cancer | 1,336 (2.0) | 677 (1.5) | 475 (2.9) | 106 (3.3) | 78 (2.2) | |
| Laboratory data | ||||||
| eGFR at diagnosis (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 82.3 ± 17.8 | 83.2 ± 16.1 | 80.6 ± 19.7 | 82.0 ± 20.3 | 77.5 ± 24.4 | <0.0001 |
| ≥90 | 22,973 (33.8) | 15,230 (33.8) | 5,441 (33.3) | 1,157 (36.4) | 1,145 (32.9) | |
| 60‐89 | 38,239 (56.2) | 26,588 (59.1) | 8,476 (51.9) | 1,577 (49.6) | 1,598 (45.9) | |
| 45‐59 | 5,068 (7.5) | 2,706 (6.0) | 1,681 (10.3) | 329 (10.3) | 352 (10.1) | |
| 30‐45 | 1,245 (1.8) | 402 (0.9) | 559 (3.4) | 96 (3.0) | 188 (5.4) | |
| 15‐30 | 461 (0.7) | 70 (0.2) | 174 (1.1) | 21 (0.7) | 196 (5.6) | |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | <0.0001 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.1 (0.5) | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 3.9 ± 0.6 | 3.7 ± 0.7 | 3.7 ± 0.7 | <0.0001 |
| Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 1.0 ± 1.8 | 0.9 ± 1.2 | 1.2 ± 2.2 | 1.4 ± 2.6 | 1.7 ± 3.5 | <0.0001 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 4.8 ± 1.5 | 4.7 ± 1.4 | 5.0 ± 1.7 | 4.8 ± 1.8 | 5.1 ± 1.9 | <0.0001 |
| WBC (×103/µL) | 7.1 ± 8.2 | 6.8 ± 6.8 | 7.6 ± 10.0 | 8.1 ± 13.1 | 7.4 ± 7.0 | <0.0001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.1 ± 2.0 | 13.3 ± 1.8 | 12.9 ± 2.1 | 12.2 ± 2.3 | 12.3 ± 2.4 | <0.0001 |
| Platelet (×103/µL) | 236.6 ± 92.9 | 240.4 ± 83.1 | 235.7 ± 101.3 | 221.8 ± 130.2 | 208.6 ± 113.7 | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 176.8 ± 41.6 | 180.9 ± 38.3 | 171.2 ± 44.3 | 164.3 ± 50.2 | 164.8 ± 49.3 | <0.0001 |
| CT (N, %) | ||||||
| No CT | 11,689 (17.2) | 9,606 (21.3) | 1,544 (9.5) | 205 (6.4) | 334 (9.6) | <0.0001 |
| >0~1/year | 15,965 (23.5) | 12,370 (27.5) | 2,790 (17.1) | 370 (11.6) | 435 (12.5) | |
| >1~3/year | 19,683 (29.0) | 13,219 (29.4) | 5,081 (31.1) | 729 (22.9) | 654 (18.8) | |
| ≥3/year | 20,649 (30.4) | 9,801 (21.8) | 6,916 (42.3) | 1,876 (59.0) | 2,056 (59.1) | |
| Clinical trial (N, %) | 1,258 (1.9) | 1,258 (1.9) | 474 (2.9) | 111 (3.5) | 97 (2.8) | <0.0001 |
| Cancer treatment (N, %) | ||||||
| Surgery only | 22,941 (33.7) | 17,246 (38.3) | 4,596 (28.1) | 509 (16) | 590 (17.0) | <0.0001 |
| Surgery and chemotherapy | 16,496 (24.3) | 10,074 (22.4) | 4,692 (28.7) | 897 (28.2) | 833 (23.9) | |
| Chemotherapy only | 13,816 (20.3) | 6,276 (13.9) | 4,717 (28.9) | 1,320 (41.5) | 1,503 (43.2) | |
| No surgery and chemotherapy | 14,733 (21.7) | 11,400 (25.3) | 2,326 (14.2) | 454 (14.3) | 553 (15.9) | |
Abbreviations: AKI, acute kidney injury; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; CBD, common bile duct; GB, gallbladder; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; WBC, white blood cell; CT, computed tomography