Table 1. Participants' characteristics by changes in their orthostatic blood pressure.
| Variables | Orthostatic hypotension (n = 461) | Normal changes (n = 1347) | Orthostatic hypertension (n = 189) | Orthostatic hypotension vs. normal changes, P value | Orthostatic hypertension vs. normal changes, P value | Overall comparison, P value |
| Age, yrs | 67.95 ± 5.94 | 66.50 ± 5.59 | 67.62 ± 6.19 | < 0.001 | 0.012 | < 0.001 |
| Male | 320 (69.4%) | 897 (66.6%) | 131 (69.3%) | 0.275 | 0.509 | 0.495 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.52 ± 3.40 | 25.20 ± 3.35 | 25.90 ± 3.86 | 0.141 | 0.027 | 0.047 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 72.48 ± 11.60 | 71.53 ± 10.31 | 74.63 ± 11.18 | 0.164 | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| FBG, mmol/L | 6.08 ± 1.85 | 5.80 ± 1.59 | 5.91 ± 1.59 | 0.007 | 0.476 | 0.025 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.99 ± 1.04 | 2.80 ± 0.79 | 2.87 ± 0.74 | < 0.001 | 0.417 | 0.002 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.50 ± 0.42 | 1.53 ± 0.44 | 1.55 ± 0.47 | 0.216 | 0.660 | 0.373 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.67 ± 1.20 | 1.53 ± 1.15 | 1.55 ± 0.99 | 0.042 | 0.828 | 0.126 |
| Creatine, µmol/L | 78.58 ± 17.40 | 77.08 ± 19.43 | 78.45 ± 16.36 | 0.196 | 0.423 | 0.365 |
| Hs-CRP, mg/L | 1.46 (0.74,2.71) | 1.16 (0.68,2.30) | 1.40 (0.80,2.65) | 0.728 | 0.562 | 0.762 |
| Current smoker | 91 (25.9%) | 293 (28.9%) | 36 (26.7%) | 0.302 | 0.685 | 0.536 |
| Drinking | 83 (23.6%) | 262 (25.8%) | 36 (26.7%) | 0.434 | 0.835 | 0.679 |
| Exercise | 262 (74.4%) | 769 (75.6%) | 105 (78.4%) | 0.667 | 0.521 | 0.666 |
| Blood pressure measurement | ||||||
| Sitting systolic BP, mmHg | 139.36 ± 21.63 | 136.57 ± 20.60 | 141.03 ± 18.24 | 0.031 | 0.019 | 0.013 |
| Sitting diastolic BP, mmHg | 83.94 ± 10.66 | 83.16 ± 10.94 | 85.89 ± 11.46 | 0.252 | 0.007 | 0.020 |
| Clinostatic systolic BP, mmHg | 145.25 ± 21.46 | 135.8 ± 18.28 | 134.19 ± 20.94 | < 0.001 | 0.282 | < 0.001 |
| Clinostatic diastolic BP, mmHg | 82.63 ± 10.77 | 78.77 ± 10.30 | 79.98 ± 10.87 | < 0.001 | 0.136 | < 0.001 |
| Clinostatic heart rate, beats/min | 75.18 ± 12.82 | 73.16 ± 10.93 | 75.23 ± 13.75 | 0.001 | 0.023 | 0.001 |
| 1 min standing SBP, mmHg | 128.14 ± 23.51 | 134.36 ± 19.29 | 150.60 ± 25.29 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| 1 min standing DBP, mmHg | 76.65 ± 11.80 | 81.43 ± 10.76 | 85.74 ± 11.81 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| 1 min standing heart rate, beats/min | 83.69 ± 13.98 | 80.58 ± 13.12 | 81.84 ± 13.32 | < 0.001 | 0.228 | < 0.001 |
| 3 min standing SBP, mmHg | 134.22 ± 23.50 | 136.93 ± 18.60 | 155.40 ± 22.86 | 0.013 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| 3 min standing DBP, mmHg | 78.81 ± 12.03 | 82.53 ± 10.72 | 87.78 ± 12.23 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| 3 min standing heart rate, beats/min | 80.88 ± 13.69 | 79.12 ± 12.11 | 80.57 ± 12.35 | 0.010 | 0.138 | 0.02 |
| Hypertension | 233 (50.7%) | 602 (44.9%) | 106 (56.4%) | 0.035 | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Diabetes | 95 (20.6%) | 168 (12.5%) | 29 (15.3%) | < 0.001 | 0.295 | < 0.001 |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD, median (interquartile range) or n (%), as appropriate. BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FBG: fasting blood sugar; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP: high sensitive C-reaction protein; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TG: triglyceride.