Table 4.

Associations (β-estimates [95% CI]) of clinical cutoffs of serum sodium level with arterial stiffness at baseline

Pulse pressure	Hyponatermia (<136 mmol/L) (n = 336)	Normonatremia (136–145 mmol/L) (n = 8,417)	Hypernatremia (>145 mmol/L) (n = 60)
Unadjusted	4.81 (3.24 to 6.38)	Ref	5.20 (1.55 to 8.85)
Model 1	2.67 (1.28 to 4.05)	Ref	4.52 (1.30 to 7.74)
Model 2	1.89 (0.51 to 3.27)	Ref	4.60 (1.40 to 7.79)
Model 3	1.85 (0.47 to 3.22)	Ref	4.46 (1.27 to 7.64)
Model 4	2.02 (0.73 to 3.31)	Ref	3.58 (0.61 to 6.56)

Abbreviations: ACR, albumin to creatinine ratio; CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation); MAP, mean arterial pressure.

Model 1: adjusted for age, gender, race, and randomized treatment arm.

Model 2: adjusted for covariates in model 1 plus CVD, heart failure, smoking, body mass index, eGFR, urine ACR.

Model 3: adjusted for covariates in model 2 plus number of antihypertensive medications at baseline.

Model 4: adjusted for covariates in model 3 plus MAP and heart rate.