Table 1.
Results from studies assessing the relationship between lycopene and cognitive function
| Study population | Study design | Carotenoid measurement | Cognitive measures | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France n 589 (61·3 %F) Age: 68–79 years Race: NR |
Cross-sectional | Plasma | Mini-Mental State Examination, Trail Making Test Part A, Trail Making Test Part B, Digit–Symbol Substitution, Finger Tapping Test, Word Fluency Test | Akbaraly et al.(22) |
| Germany n 193 (51·8 %F) Age: 45–102 years Race: NR |
Cross-sectional | Plasma FFQ |
Mini-Mental State Examination, Clock Drawing Test, Dem-Tect Scale | Polidori et al.(23) |
| USA n 16 010 (100 %F) Age: ≥ 70 years Race: NR |
Longitudinal: 17 years | 61-item FFQ 130-item FFQ |
TICS, delayed recall of the TICS, East Boston Memory Test – immediate and delayed recalls, Backward Digit Span, Category Fluency Test | Devore et al.(24) |
| France n 2983 (46·3 %F) Age: 45–60 years Race: NR |
Longitudinal: 13–15 years | Plasma Bimonthly 24 h recall |
RI-48 Cued Recall Task, Semantic Fluency Task, Phonemic Fluency Task, Forward and Backward Digit Span, Delis–Kaplan Trail Making Test | Kesse-Guyot et al.(25) |
| Scotland n 201 (44·2 %F) Age: 77 years Race: NR |
Longitudinal: 11 years | FFQ Plasma |
Mini-Mental State Examination | Whalley et al.(26) |
| France n 1092 (%F NR) Age: mean 74·4 years Race: NR |
Longitudinal: 1·8–10·8 years | Plasma | Mini-Mental State Examination, Isaac's Set Test, Benton Visual Retention Test | Feart et al.(14) |
| Germany AD n 27 (63 %F) AD Plus n 16 (56·3 %F) Control n 33 (66·6 %F) Age: AD 80·5 (sd 5·7) years AD Plus 79·4 (sd 4·7) years Control 73·2 (sd 8·3) years Race: NR |
Cross-sectional | Plasma | Mini-Mental State Examination | Dias et al.(13) |
| Germany Mild dementia n 74 (33·3 %F) Control n 148 (33·3 %F) Age: 65–90 years Race: NR |
Cross-sectional | Plasma | Mini-Mental State Examination, Semantic Fluency Task, CERAD word list | von Arnim et al.(27) |
| Brazil Treatment n 23 (%F NR) Control n 42 (%F NR) Age: 82 years (mean) Race: NR |
Cross-sectional | Plasma | Mini-Mental State Examination | Giavarotti et al.(28) |
| USA n 6958 (52·1 %F) Age: > 50 years Race: white, black, Hispanic, other |
Longitudinal: up to 12 years | Serum | Alzheimer's disease-associated mortality | Min & Min(29) |
%F, percentage female; NR, not reported; TICS, Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status; AD, Alzheimer's disease; CERAD, Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease.