Table 3.
Characteristics of included studies
| Author, date & Country | Title | Methodology | Participants | Def of empowerment (as used by authors) | Constructs/associated terms |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beard et al. [7] USA | Managing disability and enjoying life: How we reframe dementia through personal narratives. | Survey | PWD (n = 27) | Not defined. | Talked about ‘enriching’ their lives through - advocacy, positive attitude, participation in society. |
| Carpenter et al. (2012) USA | R-E-M psychotherapy: A manualized approach for long-term care residents with depression and dementia. | Pilot trial | PWD (n = 3) | Not defined. | Using abilities. Active + positive agency. Skills. Control. Confidence. Creating change. |
| Clare (2008) UK | Collective strength: The impact of developing a shared social identity in early-stage dementia. | Semi structured interviews (Interpretative phenomenoligical analysis). Longitudinal study. | PWD (n = 7) | Not defined. | Choice. Control. Active participation (care and treatment). |
| Gavan [27] Australia | Exploring the usefulness of a recovery-based approach to dementia care nursing. | Theoretical literature review | Not defined. | Choice | |
| Han & Radel [30] USA | The benefits of a person-centered social program for community-dwelling people with dementia and caregivers: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. | Semi structured interviews (Interpretative phenomenoligical analysis) | PWD (n = 5) | Choice and control. | choice and control. |
| Harding [31] UK | Legal constructions of dementia: discourses of autonomy at the margins of capacity | Theoretical | Not defined. | Decision making, effecting change | |
| Hung & Chaudhury [34] Canada | Exploring personhood in dining experiences of residents with dementia in long-term care facilities. | Ethnographic. Conversational interviews, participant observations, focus groups and document review | Disempowerment - not being allowed to use abilities. | Allowed to use abilities | |
| Martin & Younger [39] UK | Anti oppressive practice: a route to the empowerment of people with dementia through communication and choice. | Dementia Care Mapping observation process. | PWD | Process of helping individuals attain autonomy (relative to decision making) and process of changing the culture and organisation (care setting). | Autonomy (decision making), process. |
| Nomura et al. (2000) Japan | Empowering older people with early dementia and family caregivers: A participatory action research study. | Process evaluation - cognitive rehabilitation theory | PWD (n = 37) + their carers (n = 31) | Objectives of empowerment (defined by carers) - regain self confidence and improve relationships with family. | Self confidence + relationships. Levels of empowerment - individual, group, community |
| Wilkinson (2000) UK | Empowerment and decision-making for people with dementia: The use of legal interventions in Scotland. | Literature review | Recognizing and enhancing rights + supporting capacity. Being heard and respected (voice, values + vision). | Decision making. Control. Involvement. Self determination. Autonomy. |