Table 4.
Risk factors for lymph node metastasis and liver metastasis identified by univariate logistic regression analysis
| Clinicopathological variables | Lymph node metastasis | Liver metastasis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | P value | OR | 95% CI | P value | |
| Age | ||||||
| <45 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 45–65 | 0.86 | 0.729–1.016 | 0.76 | 0.774 | 0.5–1.2 | 0.253 |
| ≥ 65 | 0.609 | 0.517–0.717 | 0.528 | 0.342–0.814 | 0.004 | |
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Male | 1.02 | 0.946–1.101 | 0.606 | 1.222 | 0.98–1.524 | 0.075 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Single | 0.917 | 0.847–0.993 | 0.033 | 1.194 | 0.951–1.499 | 0.128 |
| Unknown | 0.758 | 0.638–0.901 | 0.002 | 1.065 | 0.667–1.7 | 0.791 |
| Race | ||||||
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 1 | 1 | ||||
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 0.792 | 0.495–1.265 | 0.328 | 1.344 | 0.306–5.899 | 0.695 |
| White | 0.735 | 0.642–0.841 | 1.469 | 0.884–2.442 | 0.138 | |
| Black | 1.015 | 0.863–1.193 | 0.858 | 2.278 | 1.305–3.976 | 0.004 |
| Histological grade | ||||||
| Well differentiated | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Moderately differentiated | 1.667 | 1.493–1.883 | < 0.001 | 1.891 | 1.318–2.713 | < 0.001 |
| Poorly differentiated | 3.739 | 3.217–4.345 | < 0.001 | 2.891 | 1.829–4.571 | < 0.001 |
| Undifferentiated | 3.617 | 2.763–4.735 | < 0.001 | 3.043 | 1.396–6.626 | 0.005 |
| Histological type | ||||||
| Adenocarcinoma | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Carcinoid tumor | 0.862 | 0.679–1.094 | 0.222 | 0.306 | 0.098–0.957 | 0.042 |
| Neuroendocrine carcinoma | 2.14 | 1.547–2.96 | < 0.001 | 1.376 | 0.508–3.371 | 0.53 |
| Mucinous adenocarcinoma | 1.231 | 1.043–1.453 | 0.014 | 1.303 | 0.833–2.308 | 0.247 |
| Other | 1.124 | 0.946–1.336 | 0.183 | 0.629 | 0.334–1.185 | 0.151 |
| T classification | ||||||
| T1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| T2 | 2.461 | 2.271–2.665 | < 0.001 | 1.789 | 1.426–2.244 | < 0.001 |
| Tumor size | ||||||
| <5 cm | 1 | 1 | ||||
| ≥ 5 cm | 1.494 | 1.34–1.666 | < 0.001 | 4.212 | 3.269–5.425 | < 0.001 |
| Unknown | 0.58 | 0.509–0.66 | < 0.001 | 1.894 | 1.406–2.553 | < 0.001 |
| CEA | ||||||
| Negative | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Borderline | 1.338 | 0.688–2.601 | 0.391 | 2.815 | 0.382–20.726 | 0.31 |
| Positive | 1.477 | 1.316–1.658 | < 0.001 | 12.309 | 9.035–16.77 | < 0.001 |
| Unknown | 0.669 | 0.616–0.727 | 1.249 | 0.893–1.746 | 0.194 | |
| Tumor number | ||||||
| 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 2 | 0.915 | 0.834–1.004 | 0.061 | 1.222 | 0.947–1.573 | 0.123 |
| 3 | 0.863 | 0.727–1.024 | 0.091 | 1.134 | 0.714–1.8 | 0.593 |
| >3 | 0.933 | 0.703–1.238 | 0.631 | 0.859 | 0.352–2.096 | 0.738 |
| N classification | ||||||
| N0 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| N1 | NA | NA | NA | 4.687 | 3.64–6.036 | < 0.001 |
| N2 | NA | NA | NA | 17.35 | 12.761–23.59 | < 0.001 |
Italic values: differences are statistically significant. OR: odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; NA, not available