Table 3.

The skull ligaments of columbiform birds [34] (van Gennip 1986)

Abbreviation	Ligament	Origin	Insertion	Likely role
L1	palatomaxillary	tip of the palatine	maxilla	restricts dorsal movement of the maxilla
L2	occipitomandibule	occiput	posterodorsal edge of the lower jaw	restricts movements of the lower jaw
L3	quadratotemporal	quadrate	suprameaticus	restricts medial movements of the lower jaw
L4	quadratosphenoidal	posteromedial side of the quadrate	parasphenoid	restricts lateral and dorsal directed movements of the quadrate relative to the cranium
L5	postorbital	postorbital	lower jaw	facilitates kinesis of the upper jaw
L6	quadratomandibular lateral	quadrate	lateral side of the lower jaw	restricts rostral and medial movements of the quadrate relative to the lower jaw
L7	quadratomandibular rostral	quadrate	dorsal surface of the lower jaw	restricts lateral movements of the quadrate relative to the lower jaw
L8	jugoprefrontal	jugal	prefrontal	restricts movement of the jugal arch away from the prefrontal