Table 2.
Study population characteristics according to normal or high fat mass at ages 9 years and 17 years
|
Age 9 years |
Age 17 years |
p value for change* | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal FMI (n=2359) | High FMI (n=785) | p value | Normal FMI (n=2490) | High FMI (n=828) | p value | |||
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | 1278 (54·2%) | 425 (54·1%) | .. | 1131 (45·4%) | 376 (45·4%) | .. | .. | |
| Male | 1081 (45·8%) | 360 (45·9%) | .. | 1359 (54·6%) | 452 (54·6%) | .. | .. | |
| Weight, kg | 35·5 (6·4) | 44·3 (7·8) | <0·0001 | 64 (11·6) | 72·5 (13·1) | <0·0001 | <0·0001 | |
| Height, cm | 141 (5) | 152 (4) | <0·0001 | 169 (8) | 180 (8) | <0·0001 | 0·81 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 17·7 (2·7) | 19·0 (3·1) | <0·0001 | 22·4 (3·7) | 22·4 (3·7) | 0·91 | 0·0029 | |
| Waist-to-height ratio | 0·44 (0·42–0·47) | 0·44 (0·42–0·48) | 0·83 | 0·44 (0·42–0·48) | 0·44 (0·41–0·47) | 0·0050 | 0·026 | |
| Total fat mass, kg | 5·9 (4·3–8·0) | 14·0 (12·6–16·8) | <0·0001 | 13·0 (8·6–17·3) | 28·0 (24·8–34·1) | <0·0001 | <0·0001 | |
| Trunk fat mass, kg | 2·1 (1·5–3·0) | 6·0 (4·9–7·5) | <0·0001 | 8·7 (5·7–12·5) | 7·8 (4·7–10·8) | 0·0096 | <0·0001 | |
| Total fat mass indexed for squared height, kg/m2 | 0·29 (0·21–0·40) | 0·72 (0·62–0·88) | <0·0001 | 0·45 (0·27–0·61) | 0·99 (0·86–1·19) | <0·0001 | <0·0001 | |
| Trunk fat mass indexed for squared height, kg/m2 | 0·10 (0·07–0·15) | 0·31 (0·25–0·39) | <0·0001 | 0·29 (0·19–0·44) | 0·27 (0·16–0·37) | 0·025 | <0·0001 | |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 103 (9) | 105 (9) | <0·0001 | 116 (10) | 118 (10) | <0·0001 | 0·00020 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 59 (8) | 59 (8) | 0·22 | 64 (6) | 64 (6) | 0·64 | 0·0067 | |
| PWV femoral, m/s | NA | NA | .. | 5·7 (0·7) | 5·9 (0·8) | <0·0001 | .. | |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 0·20 (0·11–0·53) | 0·22 (0·11–0·49) | 0·72 | 0·53 (0·29–1·3) | 0·55 (0·27–1·20) | 0·95 | 0·45 | |
| Cholesterol, mmol/L | 4·29 (0·64) | 4·17 (0·61) | 0·00017 | 3·77 (0·67) | 3·69 (0·70) | 0·0073 | 0·72 | |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1·01 (0·78–1·35) | 1·00 (0·75–1·39) | 0·61 | 0·74 (0·60–0·96) | 0·75 (0·60–0·97) | 0·90 | 0·87 | |
| HDL, mmol/L | 1·41 (0·31) | 1·38 (0·29) | 0·028 | 1·27 (0·31) | 1·27 (0·30) | 0·72 | 0·45 | |
| LDL, mmol/L | 2·36 (0·58) | 2·27 (0·55) | 0·0019 | 2·12 (0·61) | 2·05 (0·61) | 0·019 | 0·90 | |
| Insulin, pmol/L | NA | NA | .. | 39·8 (29·9–55·6) | 39·7 (28·9–54·7) | 0·59 | .. | |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 4·9 (4·7–5·1) | 4·9 (4·8–5·1) | 0·65 | 5·0 (4·8–5·2) | 5·0 (4·8–5·3) | 0·80 | 0·19 | |
| Adiponectin, × 103 mg/mL | 12·0 (9·2–16·3) | 12·0 (8·9–16·1) | 0·30 | NA | NA | .. | .. | |
| Leptin, ng/mL | 4·7 (3·0–8·8) | 7·0 (4·2–13·3) | <0·0001 | NA | NA | .. | .. | |
Data are mean (SD) or median (IQR). Normal fat mass (≤75th percentile) and high fat mass (>75th percentile) groups for each time period were defined according to the distribution of total fat mass at ages 9 years and 17 years after adjustment for height and sex. Fat measurements (total and trunk fat mass) are provided on the basis of unadjusted groups due to further height indexing. p values represent differences between high and normal fat mass at the respective timepoints. FMI=fat mass index. BMI=body-mass index. PWV=pulse wave velocity. HDL=high-density lipoprotein. LDL=low-density lipoprotein. NA=not available.
p value for the difference in change from ages 9 years to 17 years between participants with normal fat mass and high fat mass.