. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: Sci Educ. 2019 Jan 21;103(2):264–286. doi: 10.1002/sce.21490

Table 4.

Differences Among Profiles on the Outcome Variables

Outcome	Moderate All	Very High Competence/Values-Low Effort Cost	High Competence/Values-Moderate Low Costs
	M (SE)	M (SE)	M (SE)
End of One Year
STEM GPA	2.91^a (.10)	3.32^b (.06)	3.19 ^b (.04)
STEM Courses	3.46^a (.18)	4.68^b (.12)	4.38^c (.09)
End of Four Years
STEM GPA	2.95^a (.11)	3.40^b (.05)	3.36^b (.05)
STEM Courses	13.47^a (.90)	21.12^b (.59)	18.88^c (.42)

Note. Different subscripts across rows indicate statistically significant differences between groups on the outcome variable; STEM = science, technology, engineering, and math; STEM GPA = STEM grade point average; STEM Courses = Total number of STEM courses completed after 1 year and 4 years of college; all significant differences are at p < .05.