Table 1.

Classification of the indicators proposed by the European Commission to measure the CE development. Strategies inside brackets mean the indicator contains aspects of that measurement. All Direct CE indicators are ‘Direct CE with Specific Strategies.’

Indicator	Sub-indicator	Strategy	Scope	Measurement type
1. Self-sufficiency for raw materials	–	[4]	0	Indirect CE
2. Green public procurement	–	Indicator not available
3. Waste generation	Generation of municipal waste per capita	6	0	Direct CE
	Generation of waste per GDP	6	0	Direct CE
	Generation of waste per DMC	6	0	Direct CE
4. Food waste	–	Indicator not available
5. Recycling rates	Recycling rate of municipal waste	4, [6]	0	Direct CE
	Recycling rate of all waste	4, [6]	0	Direct CE
6. Recycling / recovery for specific waste streams	Recycling rate of overall packaging	4, [6]	0	Direct CE
	Recycling rate of packaging waste by type	4, [6]	0	Direct CE
	Recycling rate of wooden packaging	4, [6]	0	Direct CE
	Recycling rate of e-waste	3, 4, [6]	1	Direct CE
	Recycling of biowaste	4, [6]	0	Direct CE
	Recovery rate of C&D waste	4, [6]	0	Direct CE
7. Contribution of recycled materials to raw materials demand	End-of-life recycling input rates	4	1	Direct CE
	Circular material use rate	4	1	Direct CE
8. Trade in recyclable raw materials	Imports from non-EU countries	[4]	2	Indirect CE
	Exports to non-EU countries	[4]	2	Indirect CE
	Imports from EU countries	[4]	2	Indirect CE
	Exports to EU countries	[4]	2	Indirect CE
9. Private investments, jobs and gross value added	Gross investment in tangible goods	[2, 3, 4, 6]	2	Indirect CE
	Number of persons employed	[2, 3, 4, 6]	2	Indirect CE
	Value added at factor cost	[2, 3, 4, 6]	2	Indirect CE
10. Patents related to recycling and secondary raw materials	Patents of recycling and secondary materials	[4]	2	Indirect CE