Table 4. .
Adjusted Hazard Ratios (95% CI) for Association Between Syndemic Conditions and Mortality by HIV Status
| No. of Concurrent Conditions | Deaths, No. (%) | Age-Adjusted Mortality Rate/1000 Person-Years | Model A | Model B | Model C | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P | HR (95% CI) | P | HR (95% CI) | P | |||
| Total sample | ||||||||
| 0 (n = 560) | 70 (12.5) | 12 (9.4–15.1) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | |||
| 1 (n = 1722) | 368 (21.4) | 21.2 (19.1–23.5) | 1.63 (1.26–2.10) | <.001 | 1.49 (1.15–1.93) | .002 | 1.40 (1.08–1.81) | .01 |
| 2 (n = 3429) | 981 (28.6) | 30.4 (28.5–32.3) | 2.15 (1.69–2.74) | <.001 | 1.82 (1.42–2.33) | <.001 | 1.70 (1.33–2.18) | <.001 |
| 3 (n = 1010) | 328 (32.5) | 36.3 (32.5–40.4) | 2.54 (1.96–3.29) | <.001 | 1.98 (1.51–2.60) | <.001 | 1.97 (1.50–2.58) | <.001 |
| HIV-uninfected | ||||||||
| 0 (n = 298) | 30 (10.1) | 9.6 (6.6–13.5) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | |||
| 1 (n = 576) | 146 (25.3) | 16.1 (13.6–18.8) | 1.50 (1.01–2.22) | .044 | 1.38 (0.93–2.06) | .107 | 1.42 (0.96–2.12) | .08 |
| 2 (n = 1718) | 385 (22.4) | 22.9 (20.7–25.2) | 2.09 (1.44–3.03) | <.001 | 1.73 (1.18–2.54) | .005 | 1.71 (1.16–2.50) | .006 |
| 3 (n = 482) | 105 (21.8) | 22.6 (18.5–27.2) | 2.03 (1.36–3.05) | .001 | 1.51 (0.98–2.31) | .061 | 1.55 (1.01–2.38) | .047 |
| HIV-infected | ||||||||
| 0 (n = 262) | 40 (15.3) | 14.8 (10.7–19.9) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | |||
| 1 (n = 846) | 222 (26.2) | 26.9 (23.5–30.5) | 1.69 (1.20–2.36) | .002 | 1.56 (1.12–2.20) | .01 | 1.42 (1.01–1.99) | .045 |
| 2 (n = 1711) | 596 (34.8) | 38.5 (35.5–41.7) | 2.18 (1.58–3.00) | <.001 | 1.87 (1.34–2.60) | <.001 | 1.70 (1.22–2.37) | .002 |
| 3 (n = 528) | 223 (42.2) | 50.9 (44.5–57.9) | 2.84 (2.03–3.98) | <.001 | 2.28 (1.60–3.25) | <.001 | 2.23 (1.56–3.18) | <.001 |
“Conditions” refers to unhealthy alcohol use, cigarette smoking, and depressive symptoms. Model A was adjusted for baseline Veterans Aging Cohort Index; Model B was adjusted for baseline Veterans Aging Cohort Index, race/ethnicity, education, cardiovascular disease risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol, triglycerides, and obesity), illicit drug use, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), prevalent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and prevalent cardiovascular diseases; Model C was adjusted for time-updated Veterans Aging Cohort Index, race/ethnicity, education, cardiovascular disease risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and obesity), PTSD, illicit drug use, prevalent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and prevalent cardiovascular disease.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazards ratio.