Table 1.
Characteristics of participants Undergoing Cardiac CT by GlycA quartiles, the MACS-CVD2 study (2010–2013) *,†
| Characteristics | Overall | GlycA (μmol/L) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 230.7 – 346.6 |
Q2 346.7 – 381.7 |
Q3 381.8 – 426.1 |
Q4 426.3 – 732.0 |
P trend | ||
| N | 935 | 234 | 234 | 234 | 233 | |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, y | 53.7 ± 6.9 | 53.2 ± 6.7 | 53.9 ± 7.2 | 53.9 ± 6.9 | 53.7 ± 7.0 | 0.88 |
| Race | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 539 (57.7) | 140 (59.8) | 151 (64.5) | 133 (56.8) | 115 (49.4) | 0.16 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 292 (31.2) | 62 (26.5) | 56 (23.9) | 73 (31.2) | 101 (43.4) | 0.002 |
| Others | 104 (11.1) | 32 (13.7) | 27 (11.5) | 28 (12.0) | 17 (7.3) | 0.07 |
| Lifestyle and clinical factors | ||||||
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 127 ± 15 | 125 ± 15 | 126 ± 15 | 128 ± 14 | 130 ± 16 | 0.12 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27 ± 5 | 26 ± 4 | 27 ± 5 | 27 ± 5 | 27 ± 5 | 0.046 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 102 ± 30 | 96 ± 13 | 105 ± 37 | 105 ± 38 | 103 ± 26 | 0.25 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 191 ± 40 | 186 ± 38 | 192 ± 38 | 191 ± 39 | 192 ± 45 | 0.39 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 50 ± 16 | 52 ± 16 | 51 ± 16 | 49 ± 15 | 50 ± 18 | 0.035 |
| Pack-years of tobacco smoking‡ | 12.5 (3.4 – 30) | 10.0 (2.1 – 27.0) | 12.2 (1.1 – 26.6) | 15.7 (5.4 – 30) | 15.5 (5.1 – 32.7) | 0.001 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | ||||||
| <60 | 61 (6.5) | 13 (5.6) | 10 (4.3) | 10 (4.3) | 28 (12.0) | 0.013 |
| 60–<90 | 416 (44.5) | 104 (44.4) | 105 (44.9) | 99 (42.3) | 108 (46.4) | 0.89 |
| ≥90 | 404 (43.2) | 102 (43.6) | 109 (46.6) | 112 (47.9) | 81 (34.8) | 0.27 |
| Physical activity status | ||||||
| Low | 227 (24.3) | 44 (18.8) | 50 (21.4) | 64 (27.4) | 69 (29.6) | 0.017 |
| Medium | 233 (24.9) | 48 (20.5) | 61 (26.1) | 70 (29.9) | 54 (23.2) | 0.46 |
| High | 348 (37.2) | 106 (45.3) | 98 (41.9) | 73 (31.2) | 71 (30.5) | 0.008 |
| HCV infection | 121 (12.9) | 23 (9.8) | 22 (9.4) | 32 (13.7) | 44 (18.9) | 0.005 |
| HIV infection | 589 (63.0) | 134 (57.3) | 143 (61.1) | 149 (63.7) | 163 (70.0) | 0.17 |
| Medications | ||||||
| BP lowering | 312 (33.4) | 65 (27.8) | 70 (29.9) | 83 (35.5) | 94 (40.3) | 0.027 |
| Glucose lowering | 81 (8.7) | 8 (3.4) | 20 (8.6) | 20 (8.6) | 33 (14.2) | <0.001 |
| Lipid lowering | 308 (32.9) | 71 (30.3) | 77 (32.9) | 78 (33.3) | 82 (35.2) | 0.44 |
| Inflammatory markers | ||||||
| hsCRP, μg/mL‡ | 1.18 (0.59 – 2.51) | 0.77 (0.35 – 1.30) | 0.91 (0.56 – 1.79) | 1.33 (0.7 – 3.11) | 2.09 (1.02 – 4.88) | <0.001 |
| D-dimer, μg/mL‡ | 0.19 (0.11 – 0.29) | 0.17 (0.09 – 0.26) | 0.19 (0.11 – 0.29) | 0.18 (0.11 – 0.26) | 0.20 (0.13 – 0.35) | 0.05 |
| IL-6, pg/mL‡ | 1.45 (0.94 – 2.32) | 1.06 (0.68 – 1.71) | 1.34 (0.90 – 2.02) | 1.52 (1.06 – 2.51) | 1.94 (1.27 – 3.36) | <0.001 |
| Fibrinogen, mg/dL | 336 ± 94 | 303 ± 102 | 322 ± 98 | 340 ± 75 | 377 ± 82 | <0.001 |
| sCD163, ng/mL | 666 ± 254 | 641 ± 233 | 628 ± 242 | 667 ± 248 | 729 ± 280 | 0.26 |
| sCD14, ng/mL | 1531 ± 450 | 1421 ± 393 | 1470 ± 388 | 1541 ± 388 | 1691 ± 559 | 0.003 |
| CCL2, pg/mL‡ | 264 (199 – 336) | 248 (199 – 314) | 251 (196 – 331) | 270 (199 – 331) | 278 (219 – 375) | 0.43 |
| CT measures | ||||||
| Total CAC score, Agatston unitsठ| 72 (23 Р209) | 44 (19 Р156) | 50 (20 Р194) | 108 (30 Р239) | 91 (28 Р242) | 0.004 |
| Total Plaque Score‡§‖ | 3 (2 – 6) | 3 (2 – 5) | 3 (2 – 5) | 5 (2 – 8) | 4 (2 – 8) | 0.001 |
| Non-calcified Plaque Score‖ | 2 (1 – 3) | 2 (1 – 3) | 2 (1 – 3) | 2 (1 – 4) | 2 (1 – 3) | 0.136 |
| Mixed Plaque Score‡§‖ | 2 (1 – 3) | 1 (1 – 3) | 1 (1 – 2) | 2 (1 – 4) | 2 (2 – 3) | <0.001 |
| Calcified Plaque Score‡§‖ | 2 (1 – 4) | 2 (1 – 4) | 1 (1 – 3) | 2 (1 – 4) | 2 (1 – 4) | 0.24 |
| Coronary stenosis ≥50%‖ | 115 (16.1) | 22 (11.8) | 22 (12.6) | 37 (19.5) | 34 (20.9) | 0.043 |
Abbreviations: BMI = body mass index; BP = blood pressure; CAC = coronary artery calcium; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; HCV= hepatitis C virus; HDL= high density lipoprotein; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; hsCRP = high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6 = interleukin 6; MACS=Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study; sCD14 = soluble CD14; sCD163 = soluble CD163; CCL2 = chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2
Data are presented as Mean ± Standard Deviation for continuous variables and frequency (percentage) for categorical variables unless otherwise specified.
Data presented as median (interquartile interval).
Results are for participants with values greater than zero.
Coronary CT angiography data measured in a subsample of 715 participants.