Table 3.

PSS total score in the migraine frequency groups stratified by sex and aura.

Population/aura	The migraine group
	Low (1–4 days)	Medium (5–8 days)	High (9–14 days)	Chronic (≥15 days)
The whole cohort
With or without aura	21.2 ± 9.5	21.9 ± 9.2	23.3 ± 8.7§	24.8 ± 9.4
With aura	21.5 ± 9.2	24.8 ± 10.6	23.5 ± 7.1	27.4 ± 7.1
Without aura	21.2 ± 9.6	20.4 ± 8.0	23.3 ± 9.3	22.8 ± 10.5
Male
With or without aura	18.4 ± 9.2	20.0 ± 8.9	24.8 ± 9.1§	21.0 ± 9.9
With aura	19.6 ± 8.5	23.6 ± 8.6	24.0 ± 4.2	30.0 ± 4.7
Without aura	17.8 ± 9.6	18.5 ± 8.8	25.0 ± 10.4	18.9 ± 9.7
Female
With or without aura	22.4 ± 9.4	22.9 ± 9.2	22.8 ± 8.6	25.8 ± 9.1
With aura	22.4 ± 9.6	25.3 ± 11.4	23.4 ± 7.9	27.2 ± 7.3
Without aura	22.4 ± 9.4	21.4 ± 7.4	22.7 ± 8.9	24.4 ± 10.5

PSS, Perceived stress scale.

Adjusted for aura, sex, age, BMI, education level, marital status, employment status, smoking, alcohol drinking, coffee consumption, MIDAS, BDI total score, HADS–anxiety, HADS–depression and PSQI total score.

^§indicates significant difference (P < 0.05) vs. the low migraine frequency group.