Table 2.
Table Summarizing the Identified Behavior Change Techniques (BCTs) and Outcomes of Eligible Interventions.
| Author | Identified BCTs | Help-seeking attitudes, intentions, and behaviors (p, d) | Symptoms (p, d) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Engagement strategies (brochures/documentary) | |||
| Hammer and Vogel (2010) | 5.3. Information about social and environmental
consequences 5.6. Information about emotional consequences 6.2. Social comparison 9.1. Credible source |
Improved attitudes to help-seeking (p < .05*, d = n/a) | Not measured |
| King et al. (2018) | 5.6. Information about emotional consequences 6.1. Demonstration of the behavior 6.2. Social comparison 9.1. Credible source 16.3. Vicarious consequences |
Improved help-seeking intentions and intentions to seek help from male and female friends (p < .05*, d < .05) | No changes in suicidal ideation (p > .05) |
| McFall et al. (2000) | 3.1. Social support (unspecified) 4.1. Instruction on how to perform a behavior 9.1. Credible source |
Improved service enquiry, attendance, and follow-up appointments (p < .05*, d > .05) | Not measured |
| Rochlen et al. (2006) a | 4.1. Instruction on how to perform a behavior 5.6. Information about emotional consequences 6.2. Social comparison 9.1. Credible source |
Male-sensitive and gender-neutral brochures both improved help-seeking attitudes (p < .05*, d = n/a) | Not measured |
| Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) | |||
| Pal et al. (2007) | 1.2. Problem solving 3.3. Social support (emotional) 5.3. Information about social and environmental consequences 8.2. Behavior substitution 11.2. Reduce negative emotions 15.1. Verbal persuasion about capability |
Improved readiness to change (i.e., intentions) from baseline to 1-month follow-up (p < .05*, d = n/a) | Reduced alcohol addiction severity, reduced alcohol use in past 30 days, and improved psychological and physical well-being (p < .05* for all) |
| Yousaf and Popat (2015) | None identified | Higher attitudes towards seeking mental health services for the primed group vs. control (p < .05*, d > .5) | Not measured |
| Syzdek et al. (2014) | 2.2. Feedback on behavior 2.7. Feedback on outcome(s) of behavior 3.3. Social support (emotional) 4.1. Instruction on how to perform a behavior |
No changes in help-seeking attitudes or help-seeking intentions (p > .05, d < .5) | Reduction in anxiety (p > .05, d < .5), depression (p > .05, d < .5), and problematic drinking (p > .05, d > .5) |
| Syzdek et al. (2016) | 1.4. Action planning 2.2. Feedback on behavior 2.7. Feedback on outcome(s) of behavior 3.3. Social support (emotional) 4.3. Re-attribution 5.6. Information about emotional consequences 9.1. Credible source 13.2. Framing/reframing |
Increased behavioral help-seeking from parents, (p < .05*, d > .5), professionals, (p > .05, d > .5), partners, (p > .05, d > .5), friends, (p > .05, d > .5), and counseling services (p > .05, d > .5) | No change in depression (p > .05, d < .5) or anxiety (p > .05, d < .5) |
| Retrospective review | |||
| MacNeil et al. (2018) | 3.3. Social support (emotional) 5.3. Information about social and environmental consequences 5.6. Information about emotional consequences 6.2. Social comparison |
Received more male referrals after the instalment of intervention (MATT) (p < .05*, d < .05) | Not measured |
Note. aOne study reported their effect size in partial eta-squared and it was not appropriate to convert to Cohen’s D. d = Cohen’s D.
*
= p < .05.