Table 1.

Matrix Table of Selected Articles for Scoping Review.

Author(s)/ year	Aim(s) of study	Study design/sample/origin	Method(s)	Key findings
1. Arnow et al. (2017)	To determine how adolescent males with EDs describe their symptoms prior to learning the “norm” terminology, as well as gaining phenomenological insight on male perspectives of Eds	Phenomenological qualitative study of 10 adolescent males and 10 adolescent females (for comparison) with diagnosed EDs Origin: United States	One time 45–60 min interviews with open ended questions + nine self-report scales	There were many similarities between sexes re: ED symptomology. Differences included: males stating sports involvement as precipitating disorder and being more cognizant of negative consequences
2. Bjork et al. (2012)	To illustrate how males with prior EDs experience life after recovery	Phenomenological qualitative study of 15 male participants for had completed ED treatment with subsequent recovery Origin: Norway and Sweden	One time 1 h interviews, face-to-face	Most felt satisfied with life after recovery (accepted body appearance and self-worth), but discussed their feelings of shame with having an ED as a male
3. Burnette, Simpson, and Mazzeo (2017)	To determine the relationship between weight suppression (WS) and eating behaviors/ pathology, and if there are gender differences	Nonexperimental descriptive quantitative design including 827 undergraduate students (234 males) Origin: United States	Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire which assesses disordered eating behaviors and attitudes in the past 28 days	Gender did not play a significant role in WS and dietary restriction, but WS and loss of control was significant only in men. Men higher in WS were more likely to engage in purging behaviors.
4. Dakanalis et al. (2014)	Explored whether difficulties in interpersonal domains and body surveillance affected the body dissatisfaction and ED symptomology in males	Nonexperimental quantitative design including 359 men aged 18–30 from three universities in Italy Origin: Italy	Multiple online surveys tailored to the following domains: body dissatisfaction, attachment anxiety, body surveillance, social anxiety, and ED symptomatology. All using Likert or similar scales, no qualitative option	Body dissatisfaction, social anxiety, and body surveillance were all significantly related to ED symptomatology. Attachment anxiety moderates the risk for body dissatisfaction and ED symptoms
5. Dearden and Mulgrew (2013)	To explore experiences, intel, and recommend-dations from organizations and service providers of ED in men, as well as examine male experiences with these services	Mixed methods approach (qualitative and quantitative data from surveys); 15 organizations, 10 practitioners with male ED experience, and five men with eating issues Origin: Australia	Surveys (tailored differently for organizations, practitioners, and men) with open-ended questions at the end	Men found that having a formal diagnosis helped them to continue seeking help. Physical illness was a motivating factor to seek help. Stigma was found to be a treatment barrier. Early recognition and creating “male-friendly” treatment is vital for a males ED recovery
6. Dryer, Farr, Hiramatsu, and Quinton (2016)	To examine the relationship between sociocultural influences and symptomology of EDs and muscle dysmorphia. Also, to gain an understanding of if these relationships are influenced by socially-induced or self-mediated perfectionism	Nonexperimental quantitative design including 158 males aged 18–36 years old (no pre-screening for known EDs) Origin: Australia	One questionnaire including subsections: Muscle Dysmorphia Questionnaire, Eating Disorder Index questions, Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, and Sociocultural Factors Questionnaire	Influence from the media, teasing, and per influence significantly predicted symptoms of muscle dysmorphia and body dissatisfaction. Symptoms of EDs and muscle dysmorphia may partially depend on pre-existing perfectionist attitudes
7. Fernandez-Aranda et al. (2009)	To study whether outpatient treatment of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is as effective for males as it is with females in improving bulimic symptomology	Mixed methods time series design—19 males with bulimic disorder compared with 150 females with the same diagnosis from an inpatient unit (between 2002 and 2003) Origin: Spain	Information gathered at different time points of treatment (before, during, 6-month follow-up, 12-month follow-up). Information sources: questionnaires, semistructured interviews, patient’s food diaries	Group CBT treatments were found to be effective in decreasing ED symptoms in both males and females
8. Griffiths et al. (2015)	To explore whether males’ self-stigmatization of seeking psychological help for ED increased chances of having undiagnosed ED	Cross-sectional, nonexperimental quantitative study design- 360 people with diagnosed EDs and 125 with undiagnosed EDs (sample consisted of only 36 males) Origin: Internet survey accessed by participants from United States, Australia, United Kingdom, and other (23 countries total)	One time internet survey that assessed ED psychopathology, and self-stigma perceptions	Reports of increased self-stigma and being male were associated with increased likelihood of ED being undiagnosed
9. MacCaughelty et al. (2016)	To determine if sex, BMI, ED diagnosis, and age are associated with referral rates for ED consults in an inpatient psychiatric facility	Nonexperimental quantitative design (study part of a larger study). This study included 136 participants, including 39 males with EDs Origin: United States	Researchers utilized the Structured Clinical Interview for DMS-IV Diagnosis to assess for EDs. Based on these findings, comparisons were made if the patients received referrals after physician assessment	Being male and overweight was a significantly significant result for not receiving a consult/referral for ED services in hospital
10. Mayo and George (2014)	To study the relationship between body dissatisfaction, perceptual attractiveness, and EDs in male university students	Correlational study, nonexperimental design including convenience sample of 339 male and 441 female university students Origin: United States	Risk for EDs was assessed via: Eating Attitudes Test (EAT); body dissatisfaction and perceived attractiveness was assessed via: Bodybuilder Image Grid	28% of males scored at risk for disordered eating. Higher scores on the EAT correlated with fat dissatisfaction. Majority of males indicated wanting leaner and muscular body types
11. Pettersen et al. (2016)	To explore male experiences in their ED recovery process (and what was helpful from clinicians)	Phenomenological Qualitative study design—15 males aged 19–52 who had previously completed treatment for an ED and experienced recovery Origin: Norway and Sweden	In-depth interviews lasting 1–2 h with structured line of questioning	Emerged themes in recovery process: need for change, commitment to leave ED in the past, interpersonal changes, and searching for life beyond ED
12. Raisanen and Hunt (2014)	To examine young male perceptions of ED symptoms, how they recognized to seek help, and understand their initial experiences with primary care.	Qualitative design—39 participants, including 10 men aged 16–25 with a known ED (bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa) Origin: United Kingdom	In person interviews which began with an invitation to the participant to speak freely on his experiences of having an ED. This was followed by semistructured questions.	Many men were initially unable to attribute their behaviors to an ED due to gendered underpinnings of the illness. This led to dismissal of symptoms and presentation late in illness trajectory. Also lack of knowledge from primary care providers and missed diagnoses.
13. Robinson et al. (2012)	To investigate experiences of males living with an ED, including what it is like to seek and receive treatment for the ED	Interpretive Phenomenological Qualitative study design—six men with EDs receiving treatment (ages 24–56) Origin: London, United Kingdom	Semistructured interview which lasted 60–90 min	The biggest challenge many men face is admitting to having an ED. Other themes included: fear of a negative reaction from other people, and the significance of feeling understood by professionals.
14. Stanford and Lemberg (2012)	To test a developed ED assessment tool tailored specifically for men and, in doing so, promoting a clearer understanding of male EDs to enhance diagnosis and treatment	Nonexperimental study design. A sample population of 108 participants from an ED and substance use treatment center (78 males). Of this sample, 66 had a confirmed ED Origin: United States	Participants were given the newly developed “Eating Disorder Assessment for Men” questionnaire; 50 items with Likert scale	Predicted an ED correctly in 82.1% of the men. A four-structure model was determined the best to use, including: binge eating, body dissatisfaction, muscle dysmorphia, and disordered eating.
15. Weltzin et al. (2012)	To examine the outcomes of males with EDs receiving treatment in a residential treatment facility, as well as discuss co-morbid issues for males with EDs.	Pretest posttest cohort study including 111 males with EDs receiving treatment in a residential treatment facility (over the years 2005 and 2012) Origin: United States	Results based on measures taken within one week of admission and on discharge: ED Examination Questionnaire, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, EDs Inventory-3, Compulsive Activity Checklist, Beck Depression Inventory-11.	There were positive treatment outcomes in males at discharge, indicated by weight restoration, improved eating behaviors and psychological well-being.