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Summary of key biomarkers used for CTC detection
| Epithelial markers | Mesenchymal markers | Stem-cell markers | Lymphocyte, platelet, and apoptosis markers |
|---|---|---|---|
| EpCAM | N-cadherin | ALDH1 | CD45 (lymphocytes) |
| CK8, CK18, CK19 | Cell-surface vimentin | CD44 | CD61 (megakaryocytes, platelets) |
| E-cadherin | Twist1 | Gangliosides (GD2, GD3, GD1a) | M30 (apoptosis) |
| ZO1 | Akt and PI3K | ABC proteins | |
| ESPR1 | Zeb1 | ||
| HER2 | Alternative splicing proteins (FGFR2IIIc, Mena, p120 catenin) | ||
| Pls3 |
Abbreviation: CTC, circulating tumor cell.
